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Geography year 11 > HMH hazards > Flashcards

HMH hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

HMH def

A

Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological and oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life, injury, property damage, social and eco disruption or enviro degradation

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2
Q

weather

A

refers to atmospheric conditions over a short period of time

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3
Q

high pressure system

A

areas of usually fair and settled weather

when high pressure pushes down on air trying to rise at the surface and prevents moisture from cooling and condensing into raindrops

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4
Q

low pressure system

A

places where the atmosphere is relativly thin and there is alot of wind, clouds and rain.

as the air rises, the water vapour within it condenses forming clouds and often precipitation

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5
Q

climate

A

a description of average weather at a location over a long period of time

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6
Q

isobars

A

plain lines curving across a map that connect points with the same mean sea level air pressure

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7
Q

6 climates

A

equatorial
tropical
subtropical
desert
grassland
temprate

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8
Q

variables creating weather

A

humidity
precipitation
air pressure
temperature
wind
clouds

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9
Q

relief rainfall

A

formed when air is forced to cool when it rises over relief feautures in the landscape such as hills, mountains. As it rises it cools, condenses and forms rain.

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10
Q

factors that cause variations in climate

A

lattitude
distance from sea
altitude
topography
ENSO

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11
Q

El Nino southern oscilation

A

varitation in the pacific oceans temperatures air pressure and trade winds
fluctuates between 3 phases
fluctuations measured by difference us sea level air pressure

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12
Q

SOI [southern oscilation index]

A

gives an indication of the development and intensity of el nino or la nina events in the pacific ocean
calc using pressure diff between tahiti and darwin

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13
Q

nuetral phase

A

warm water pushed towards aus east coast
walker circulation formed
wind blows from east to west

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14
Q

La nina

A

strengthening of the warm water pushes towards aus east coast
walker circulation fully formed
strong trade winds
more rain, floods, cyclones

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15
Q

El nino

A

warm water pushed towards South america [cold water on aus coast]
trade winds slow
walker circulation breaks down
less rain, drought, bushfires

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16
Q

climate change

A

describes a change in average conditions [temp+rainfall] in a region or over the planet over a long period of time

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17
Q

global warming

A

a gradual increase in the overall temp of the earths atmosphere generally contributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of gases eg co2 as result of natural influence or human activity

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18
Q

natural climate change examples

A

solar variations
volcanoes
milankovitch theory - earths position relative to sun
albedo - reflectivness of a surface

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19
Q

wildfire

A

the intentionally recognised term for describing a fire burning out of control in grass shrub and forested areas

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20
Q

ground fire

A

underground fire in which peat, coal or tree roots ignite

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21
Q

surface fire

A

low to high intensity burning surface litter, grass and shrub layers

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22
Q

crown fire

A

very high intensity, spreading rapidly along flat areas covered in grasses and shrubland
potential to destroy fences, livestock, buildings

23
Q

forrest fire

A

occurs in forests and woodlands often in mountanious areas that are less accessible. Steep terrain and dense forest lead to rapid and intense fires

24
Q

response to bushfires: bushfire managment

A

reducing fire risk through fuel reduction
extinguishing fires
using warning systems and survival plans

25
Q

response to bushfires: extinguishing fires

A

cutting oxygen supply to small scale -using soil or chemical foam
using water to reduce temp
backburning fuel to stop reduction
removing fuel w machinery and controlled burns

26
Q

response to bushfires: community prepardness

A

managing vegetation on private properties to reduce fuel load
houses made of fire resistant materials
roof sprinkler systems
keep informed via warnings + social media

27
Q

impact of climate change on bushfires

A

Increased GHG making things hotter
warm weather increases bushfire risk days
fuel load increases
higher temps accelerate evaporation

28
Q

Black Saturday

A

jan 2009
was heatwave in southern eastern aus and 2 months of hot and dry conditions
melb had 3 days of over 43 and one over 45
winds of 100km/hr
caused by powerline
highest ever loss of life from bushfire in aus - 173 dead, 400+injured
2100 homes destroyed
4.4 bill in insurance

29
Q

Black summer

A

burned 19m hectares over 240 days
what lead to it = drought from 2017, 2019 being the hottest and driest year on record
common cause = lighting storms

30
Q

Black summer ESE impacts

A

Enviro- 1 bill animals lost
more than 80% of greater blue mountains burnt
nearly 1 bill tonnes of co2

s - 33 people died
air quality lead to 400 deaths
3000 houses lost

eco - 5 bill in direct damages
tourism sufferred

31
Q

black summer response before during and after

A

b4 - over 100k hectares of hazard reduction burns
during - fire fighters from interstate and international eg canada usa
after = royal commision

32
Q

what is geospatial tech

A

Digital tools for geographical inquiry. Form of tech that organises and collects data. Enables visualisation, manipulation, analysis and display.

Nasa tech and sattelites orbit earth and collect data on burnt areas by lack of vegatation etc

33
Q

drought

A

a prolonged abnormally dry period where the amount of available water is insufficient to meet our normal use

34
Q

diff types of drought

A

meteorological
hydrological
agricultural
social economic

35
Q

when are droughts over

A

when areas have enough water to meet the need of there community and environment

36
Q

factors effecting bushfire behaviour

A

climate
temperature
humidity
topography - each 10 degrees increase in slope doubles speed
wind
fuel load

37
Q

ignition factors

A

sus/arson
lightning
re kindled from previous fire
vehicle
inadequate control of open fire
discared materials eg cig

38
Q

what is a flood

A

when water temporarily flows over land that is normally dry, it is called a flood

39
Q

river flood

A

caused by rivers exceeding bank ful capacity

40
Q

coastal floods

A

caused by low lying areas being inundated by sea water

41
Q

factors that influence flow

A

slope angle
geology
soil depth
veg cover
seasonality
rainfall intensity
previous rainfall events
urbanisation [concrete/hard surfaces]

42
Q

impacts of floods on people

A

+ infastructure damaged and destroyed
+ inundation of roads and railways
+ people forced to migrate/relocate

43
Q

storm surge

A

+ a change in sea level caused by a storm
+ large waves can be generated by strong winds pushing high levels of water inland

44
Q

impacts of floods on environment

A

+ essential to ecosystems [nutrient cycle, groundwater recharges, seeds germinate]
+ deposition of silt on land [beneficial for ag]
+ replenish drought impacted land
+ decrease in water quality

45
Q

ese impacts of floods

A

economic
+ increases fish production
+ recharges ground water
- crops and livestock damaged - Decrease profit and increase food costs

socio cultural
+ brings comm together
+ societies can adapt to deal w flooding
- loss of life
- increased waterborne diseases

environmental
+ recharge water sources
+ rejuvnate soil fertility by silt deposition
- damage crops with rain damage

46
Q

slow onset floods

A

+ last several weeks or months covering vast areas on the flood plains of flat, inland, slow moving river system
+ natural seasonal events caused by heavy rainfall during wet or monsoon seasons

47
Q

rapid onset floods

A

+ last for 1-2 days, occurring quickly
+ caused by sudden high amounts of rainfall that rivers cant contain

48
Q

coastal floods

A

+ caused by strong winds from tropical cyclones, storms and tsunamis
+ sea water inundates low lying coastal land in storm surge

49
Q

flash flood

A

+ caused by short, intense rainfall events often due to severe thunderstorms
+ particularly effect urban areas where drainage systems cant cope

50
Q

human responses to floods

A

+ levees [barriers]
+ dams
+ drainage systems
+ river channel modification
+ flood warnings and community awarness

51
Q

limitations of flood responses

A

+ can lead to additional hazards as can lead to increased chance of flooding downstream which can ruin the natural balance of the ecosystem
+ levees and dams can lead to sudden and dangerous rushes of water

52
Q

tropical storm

A

whent the maximum sustained wind speed is more than 63km/hr
it is also given a name depending on the ocean basin - when the max sustained windspeed exceedes 116km/hr

53
Q

what lead to china summer of 2020 floods

A

+ torrential rainfal was main factor as was warm moist air from pacific ocean that cooled forming rain
+ 27/31 provinces had very high rainfall in june and july

climate change
number of days with heavy rain has increased by 3.9% every decade

land managment
lakes and wetlands have been drained to accomodate urban and ag developments

Geography year 11 (6 decks)

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