HIVexam 1 study guide

Question 1

what is sociology

Answer 1

study of human social relationships and institutions

Question 2

2 core assumptions of sociology

Answer 2

1. human beings are social beings

2. social forces affect nearly every aspect of our lives

Question 3

sociological imagination

Answer 3

looking at the broader picture (history, biography, social) to better understand your life

Question 4

difference between personal troubles and public issues

Answer 4

public issues are issues that are more common and influenced by social forces
personal troubles are private matters

Question 5

AIDS

Answer 5

acquire immune deficiency syndrome

Question 6

HIV

Answer 6

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 7

HIV incubation period

Answer 7

3 to 6 months

Question 8

3 stages of disease

Answer 8

1. initial infection and asymptomatic period (viral load)
2. initial symptoms
3. immunological damage

Question 9

viral load

Answer 9

amount of disease circulating in blood

Question 10

AIDS infections

Answer 10

pneumocysits pneumonia, protozoal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, cancer

Question 11

opportunistic infections

Answer 11

take advantage of weakened immune system (bacteria, fungi, cancers, pneumonia)

Question 12

transmission by

Answer 12

blood, birth, and sex

Question 13

treatments

Answer 13

antiretroviral drugs, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, AZT, other nucleoside analogs

Question 14

epidemic

Answer 14

disease that’s widespread in one area

Question 15

pandemic

Answer 15

global epidemic

Question 16

history of infectious diseases

Answer 16

epidemics thought to occur for religious/moral reasons, influence history, new virus wipes out population
germ theory is the modern concept (microorganism causes infectious disease)

Question 17

4 criteria for organism to be considered a disease

Answer 17

always found in diseased people, can be isolated and grown pure in culture, culture will initiate and reproduce when introduced into host, can be reisolated

Question 18

course of epidemic influenced by

Answer 18

population size, birth rate, immigration rate, # susceptible, transmission rate, death rate, immune rate

Question 19

transmission rate

Answer 19

efficiency with which disease is transmitted from an infected person to a susceptible person
affected by inherent efficiency of virus infection and encounter rate between infected and uninfected

Question 20

clusters of early infections

Answer 20

gays, bath houses, IVD drug users, Haitians, prostitutes

Question 21

social history to know: people, place, time, institutions

Answer 21

blah blah blah

Question 22

Ryan White

Answer 22

young white boy from midwest that got HIV through blood transfusions (hemophilia) that fought his school kicking him out for a year in court and won. brought national attention to HIV/AIDS, spokesperson for it

Question 23

epidemiology

Answer 23

study of patterns of disease occurrence in population and factors affecting them

Question 24

epidemiology as social science of medicine

Answer 24

examines the spread of diseases among human populations, including investigation of certain social characteristics

Question 25

descriptive studies

Answer 25

goal is to describe the occurrence of disease in populations, looks at people/places/time for clusters to explain transmission, identifies new disease, suggest hypotheses about causes

Question 26

descriptive studies methods

Answer 26

case reports, cross sectional/prevalence studies

Question 27

analytical studies

Answer 27

goal is to identify and explain the causes of disease-take descriptive data and ask what explains it, test hypotheses and examine disease in more detail

Question 28

analytical studies methods

Answer 28

experimental/interventional, observational studies

look at correlations

Question 29

aggregate data

Answer 29

group level data, easy to misinterpret, commit ecological fallacy (can’t apply it to individuals)

Question 30

prevalence

Answer 30

the fraction (NOT ACTUAL NUMBER) of current living individuals in a population who have a disease or infection at a particular time

Question 31

incidence

Answer 31

proportion of a population that develops new cases during a period of time

Question 32

where we are now in terms of numbers, treatment

Answer 32

common sense

Question 33

10 targets and goals of UNAIDS

Answer 33

1. reduce sexual transmission
2. prevent HIV among drug users
3. eliminate new HIV infections among children
4. 15 million accessing treatment
5. reduce tb death
6. close resource gap
7. eliminate gender inequalities
8. eliminate stigma and discrimination
9. eliminate travel restrictions
10. strengthen HIV integration

Question 34

major risk factors

Answer 34

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