HIVexam 1 study guide Flashcards
what is sociology
study of human social relationships and institutions
2 core assumptions of sociology
- human beings are social beings
2. social forces affect nearly every aspect of our lives
sociological imagination
looking at the broader picture (history, biography, social) to better understand your life
difference between personal troubles and public issues
public issues are issues that are more common and influenced by social forces
personal troubles are private matters
AIDS
acquire immune deficiency syndrome
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV incubation period
3 to 6 months
3 stages of disease
- initial infection and asymptomatic period (viral load)
- initial symptoms
- immunological damage
viral load
amount of disease circulating in blood
AIDS infections
pneumocysits pneumonia, protozoal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, cancer
opportunistic infections
take advantage of weakened immune system (bacteria, fungi, cancers, pneumonia)
transmission by
blood, birth, and sex
treatments
antiretroviral drugs, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, AZT, other nucleoside analogs
epidemic
disease that’s widespread in one area
pandemic
global epidemic
history of infectious diseases
epidemics thought to occur for religious/moral reasons, influence history, new virus wipes out population
germ theory is the modern concept (microorganism causes infectious disease)
4 criteria for organism to be considered a disease
always found in diseased people, can be isolated and grown pure in culture, culture will initiate and reproduce when introduced into host, can be reisolated
course of epidemic influenced by
population size, birth rate, immigration rate, # susceptible, transmission rate, death rate, immune rate
transmission rate
efficiency with which disease is transmitted from an infected person to a susceptible person
affected by inherent efficiency of virus infection and encounter rate between infected and uninfected
clusters of early infections
gays, bath houses, IVD drug users, Haitians, prostitutes
social history to know: people, place, time, institutions
blah blah blah
Ryan White
young white boy from midwest that got HIV through blood transfusions (hemophilia) that fought his school kicking him out for a year in court and won. brought national attention to HIV/AIDS, spokesperson for it
epidemiology
study of patterns of disease occurrence in population and factors affecting them
epidemiology as social science of medicine
examines the spread of diseases among human populations, including investigation of certain social characteristics
descriptive studies
goal is to describe the occurrence of disease in populations, looks at people/places/time for clusters to explain transmission, identifies new disease, suggest hypotheses about causes
descriptive studies methods
case reports, cross sectional/prevalence studies
analytical studies
goal is to identify and explain the causes of disease-take descriptive data and ask what explains it, test hypotheses and examine disease in more detail
analytical studies methods
experimental/interventional, observational studies
look at correlations
aggregate data
group level data, easy to misinterpret, commit ecological fallacy (can’t apply it to individuals)
prevalence
the fraction (NOT ACTUAL NUMBER) of current living individuals in a population who have a disease or infection at a particular time
incidence
proportion of a population that develops new cases during a period of time
where we are now in terms of numbers, treatment
common sense
10 targets and goals of UNAIDS
- reduce sexual transmission
- prevent HIV among drug users
- eliminate new HIV infections among children
- 15 million accessing treatment
- reduce tb death
- close resource gap
- eliminate gender inequalities
- eliminate stigma and discrimination
- eliminate travel restrictions
- strengthen HIV integration
major risk factors
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