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(2020-21 BY2MI1) Microbiology II > HIV and AIDS > Flashcards

HIV and AIDS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can HIV be transmitted?

A

People can get or transmit HIV only through specific activities. Most commonly, people get or transmit HIV through sexual behaviours and needle or syringe use.

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2
Q

What body fluids can transmit HIV?

A
  • Only certain body fluids—blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast can transmit HIV.
  • Contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue
  • Directly injected into the bloodstream (from a needle or syringe).
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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: HIV survives long when outside of the body

A

FALSE

HIV does not survive long outside the human body (such as on surfaces), and it cannot reproduce outside a human host.

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4
Q

Life cycle of HIV

1: Attachment

A

Virus gp120 binds to surface molecule CD4 of T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Co-receptors are required for HIV infection:

  • CXCR4
  • CCR5
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5
Q

Life cycle of HIV

2: Fusion

A

Viral envelope fuses with cell membrane (gp41), releasing contents into the cell

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6
Q

Life cycle of HIV

3: Reverse Transcription

A

Viral RNA is converted into DNA by reverse transcriptase

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7
Q

Life cycle of HIV

4: Integration

A

Viral DNA is inserted into host cell chromosome by enzyme integrase. Integrated viral DNA may remain latent for years and is called a provirus.

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8
Q

Life cycle of HIV

5: Replcation

A
  • Viral DNA is transcribed and RNA is translated, making viral proteins.
  • Viral genome is replicated
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9
Q

Life cycle of HIV

6: Assembly

A

New viruses are made

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10
Q

Life cycle of HIV

7: Release

A

New viruses bud through the cell membrane

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11
Q

HIV proteins

What does the presence of accessory genes allow for?

A

The presence of accessory genes allows more vigorous replication of the retrovirus that possesses them, which can be fatal to the host cell

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12
Q

Many accessory protein are multifunctional:

A
  • vpr - transport across nuclear membrane
  • tat - activation of transcription, increases rate of virus production
  • rev - export of unspliced RNAs to the cytosol
  • vif, vpr- arrest of cell cycle in infected T cells
  • vpr, nef - promotion of virus assembly and release
  • vif - protection from cellular defence mechanisms
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13
Q

Time course of HIV infection and progression to AIDS

A
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14
Q

What category of aids related disease causes most of the illness and death of late AIDS?

A

Gastrointestinal

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15
Q

AIDS Associated Disease Categories: GASTROINTESTINAL

What are the symptoms?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Wasting (extreme weight loss)
  • Abdominal pain
  • Infections of the mouth and esophagus

Pathogens: Candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, Microsporidia, and Cryptosporidia.

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16
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients develop serious respiratory problems?

A

70%

17
Q

AIDS Associated Disease Categories: RESPIRATORY

List the respiratory problems associated with AIDS

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
  • Lung cancer
  • Sinusitis
  • Pneumonitis
18
Q

AIDS Associated Disease Categories: NEUROLGOICAL

Opportunistic diseases and tumors of central nervous system

Symptoms many include:

A
  • Headaches
  • Peripheral nerve problems
  • AIDS dementia complex
  • Memory loss
  • motor problems
  • difficulty concentration
  • paralysis
19
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients develop skin or mucous membrane disorders?

A

90%

20
Q

AIDS Associated Disease Categories: SKIN DISORDERS

A
  • 1/3 male AIDS patients develop Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • Herpes zoster (shingles)
  • Herpes simplex
  • Thrush
  • Invasive cervical carcinoma
21
Q

AIDS Associated Disease Categories: EYE INFECTIONS

A
  • CMV retinitis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Dry eye syndrome
22
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients develop eye conditions?

A

50-75%

23
Q

There are several classes of drugs, which are usually used in combination, to treat HIV infection:

A
  • Nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTI) and Nucleotide RT inhibitors (NtRTI)

both act as competitive substrate inhibitors

  • Non-Nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI)

act as RT inhibitors

  • Integrase inhibitors (INSTI)
  • Protease inhibitors (PI)
24
Q

Drug combinations against HIV

A
  • anti-retroviral therapy (ART)
  • combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART)
  • highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
  • Typical combinations of most current HAART regimens consist of three drugs: 2 NRTIs as a “backbone” + a PI/NNRTI/INSTI as a “base”

(2020-21 BY2MI1) Microbiology II (16 decks)

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