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Immunology > HIV And AIDS > Flashcards

HIV And AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the more common form of HIV?

A

Type 1 and is normally the one referred to in general

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2
Q

What type of HIV is less infectious and will have slower progression?

A

Type 2

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3
Q

What is the classification system that is used for HIV classification?

A
  1. Groups :M, N, O, P

2. Subgroups: ABCDEFJK

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4
Q

Where does HIV-1 originate from?

A
  1. Pan troglodytes troglodytes (chimpanzee)
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5
Q

Where does HIV-2 originate from?

A
  1. Sooty mangabey monkey
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6
Q

What is the structure of HIV?

A

2 positive strain of ssRNA, as a retrovirus

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7
Q

What allow for the adsorption of HIV?

A

Glycoprotein gp120, on the surface of the HIV capsule

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8
Q

What allows the HIV to penetrate cells after attaching with gp120?

A

Penetration with gp41 into the host membrane

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9
Q

What is the serum indicator of the level of infection of HIV?

A

P24

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10
Q

What can p24 tell about an individual?

A

The progression of HIV in patient serum

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11
Q

What does the matrix protein (p17) do?

A

Forms the inner viral membrane and directs assembly of virus

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12
Q

What is contained inside the viral membrane and will direct the formation of virus assembly?

A

P17 protein

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13
Q

Are HIV-1 and HIV-2 immunologically cross-reactive?

A

No, due to difference in expression of envelope glycoproteins

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14
Q

What are the structural genes of HIV?

A
  1. GAG
  2. POL
  3. ENV
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15
Q

GAG is an HIV structural virus that encodes for what?

A
  1. Capsid protein
  2. Matrix protein
  3. Nucleicapsid protein
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16
Q

POL gene of HIV has what funciton?

A
  1. Encodes reverse transcriptase
  2. Protease
  3. Integrase
  4. Ribonuclease
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17
Q

What does the ENV gene of HIV code for?

A
  1. The envelopes glycoproteins
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18
Q

What is a high affinity for gp120, which allows for attachment of HIV to host cells?

A
  1. High affinity between gp120, and CD4

2. Confers infection with Th cells primarily

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19
Q

What are co surface receptors for HIV?

A

CXCR4 and CCR5

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20
Q

Where are CXCR4 and CCR5 most commonly expressed?

A
  1. CD4 cells
  2. DC
  3. Macrophages
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21
Q

How long is HIV able to survive outside of a cell?

A

Half-life is 6 hours

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22
Q

What is the half-life of an HIV infected T cell?

A

1 day

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23
Q

What are the major cellular reservoirs of HIV in the host?

A
  1. Memory T cells

2. Macrophages

24
Q

What happens when HIV settles inside a Th cell?

A
  1. Produces a latent infection as the half life of the virus can be anywhere from months to years long.
  2. The virus can remain dormant and “hide” until later dates
25
Q

What happens when HIV settles within macrophages?

A

Also able to produce infection with a half-life of months to years.

26
Q

What is required for activation of T cells in order for HIV to infect?

A
  1. Only infects activated T cells.
  2. Requires binding of CD4 to gp120/41
  3. Co-binding with CCR5/CXCR4, which are only expressed on active T cells.
27
Q

When does HIV become clinically manifested and is now represented as AIDS?

A

The infections switches from attacking the CD4 cells to attacking macrophages.
1. One theory is depletion of CD4 cells, causes virus to alter costimulatory binding proteins to attack macrophages.

28
Q

How is HIV most commonly transmitted?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Vertical transmission (mother to fetus, in delivery or breast milk)
  3. Drug use, contamination from body fluid or blood contact.
29
Q

What can acute HIV infection be similar to?

A

Mononucleosis-like illness if 50%

30
Q

When are symptoms common to begin to become present with acute HIV infection?

A

14 days of infection. Best diagnosis is 3-4 years after infection

31
Q

How many stages does HIV have?

A

I, II, III, IV

32
Q

What is stage I of HIV?

A

A symptomatic

33
Q

What is stage II of HIV?

A

Mucocutaneous manifestations

34
Q

What is stage III of HIV infection?

A

Chronic diarrhea, bacterial infections, Pulmonary TB

35
Q

What is stage IV of HIV infection?

A

Toxoplasmosis of brain, candidiasis of lungs

Kaposi’s sarcoma

36
Q

Where will HIV establish reservoirs in the human body?

A
  1. Tissue Macrophages
  2. DC
  3. Memory CD4 cells
37
Q

HIV causes lack of memory CD4 T cells which will do what to immune response?

A

Will alter the initial/proper way immune system responds

38
Q

Where will HIV undergo changes to adapt to the environment?

A

Common within macrophages as they are more resistant to cytoplasmic effects of HIV, and more common than the T cells.

39
Q

What contributes to the long life span/infection of the HIV virus?

A

Primary reservoir is the macrophages, which are present in the body for lifetime. Unable to use cytoplasmic treatments, bc macrophages are resistant.

40
Q

What indicates and infected individual that has progressed to develop AIDS?

A

flow cytometry results of 1:1 CD4:CD8 cells.

41
Q

What is the normal ratio of CD8:CD4 cells?

A

1:2. CD8:CD4

42
Q

What can be used to determine a quantitative analysis of AIDS/HIV?

A
  1. Anti-CD4 Abs, will bind to the number of CD4+ T cells.
43
Q

CD4+ cell destruction mark the point of AIDS. What can contribute to the formation of AIDS?

A
  1. HIV (s/p infection)
  2. Chronic immune activation–> CD4 apoptosis
  3. ADCC killing of CD4 cell with gp120
  4. CTL against CD4 cells
  5. Bone marrow toxicity–> inhibit lymphocyte regeneration
44
Q

What is the method HIV-1 uses to induce CD4 death with non-infected cells?

A
  1. HIV increases FAS/FASL expression on non-infected cells, causing self destruction of CD4 cells via FAS/FASL mediated apoptosis
45
Q

What is the primary result of HIV-1 infection of cells?

A
  1. HIV-1 induced apoptosis of infected cells
46
Q

If central memory CD4 T cells are resistant to HIV-1 infection, how are they destroyed?

A
  1. Destroyed by virus induced cell death. Non-infected cells display increased amounts of FAS/FASL which will cause self-apoptosis
47
Q

HIV-1 infection that becomes chronic affects what cells?

A

CD4+ T cells that are infected are killed by CTL (CD8+)

48
Q

What is the CD8, CTL role during an HIV infection?

A
  1. Acute: controls HIV viremia for 2-4wks

2. Can contribute to persistent CD4 destruction once HIV is chronic

49
Q

What are the targets of CTL for HIV?

A

CTL attack the gp120/41 proteins on HIV, to control acute viremia during 2-4wk

50
Q

What are the different functions of the humor anti-HIV Abs?

A
  1. Neutralize the Ag
  2. Opsonization the Ag
  3. Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
51
Q

What allows the HIV the ability to maintain persistent infection even with treatment with multiple drugs?

A
  1. Viral envelope undergoes variety of epitope changes.
52
Q

The down side of using anti-HIV Ab therapy are what?

A
  1. Opsonization: leads to increased uptake of macrophages. Providing new site for viral replication.
  2. Reduced Ab concentration, “increases” the number of viruses that can bind to the host cells membrane.
53
Q

What are the effect of reduced CD4 T cells in the immunosuppressive of AIDS?

A
  1. Low B/t cell proliferation to Ags
  2. Reduced resistance to intra-/extracellular pathogens
  3. Altered B cell response (vaccine or Ag presentation)
54
Q

What will ELISA testing detect for HIV?

A

Detect presence of Abs for p24 protein

55
Q

How will PCR detect the presence of HIV??

A

Breakdown, and amplify the presence of certain proteins. Presence of p24 indicate quantitative level of HIV infection and progressive stages

56
Q

What is the primary difference between the different types of HIV virus?

A
  • type 1
  • type 2
  • differ by 40% genetic

Immunology (17 decks)

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