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Immunology > Cells And Tissues Of The Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Cells And Tissues Of The Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The interactions of what cells are criticial to the development of specific immunity?

A

T and B cells

T cells and antigen-presenting cells.

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2
Q

T cells give rise to what type of immunity?

A

Cellular immunity

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3
Q

B cells givE rise to what type of immunity? It involves the production of what type of molecules?

A

Humoral immunity; immunoglobulins.

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4
Q

What mediates humoral adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies in the blood and mucosal secretions which are produced by B lymphocytes.

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5
Q

True or false: humoral adaptive immunity is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes.

A

True

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6
Q

What three cells are critical for cell mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

Ag-presenting cells

Phagocytes

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7
Q

True or false: CMI mediates defense against extracellular microbes, such as viruses and some bacteria, where they are inaccessible to circulating Abs.

A

Fase; CMI mediates defense against intracellular microbes.

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8
Q

What is the function of cell-mediated immunity (CMI)?

A

The killing of infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection.

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9
Q

T lymphocytes are generally associated with CMI. What is anoter function of T lymphocytes?

A

They help B cells make effective Abs that contribute to the eradication of extracellular microbes.

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10
Q

What is the difference between helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

A

Helper T lymphocytes activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection.

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11
Q

What do B lymphocytes recognize? What happens after the recognition?

A

B lymphocytes recognize soluble Ags and develop into Ab-secreting cells.

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12
Q

Once T helper lymphocytes recognize Ags on the surface of Ag presenting cells, what do they secrete?

A

Cytokines

They stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation.

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13
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

They recognize Ags on infected cells and kill these cells.

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14
Q

What is the role of regulatory T cells?

A

They suppress and prevent immune responses (e.g. To self antigens).

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15
Q

B lymphocytes, T helper lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells are all part of what type of immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity

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16
Q

How does the immune system respond to a large number of different Ags?

A

Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to Ag. The immune system generates a very large number of clones during the maturation of lymphocytes, thus maximizing the potential for recognizing diverse microbes.

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17
Q

How does clonal selection occur?

A

Each Ag selects a pre-existing clone of specific B cells and stimulates the proliferation and differenatiation of the clone.

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18
Q

How does clonal selection occur?

A

When Ag is introduced into an individal, lymphocytes with receptors for the Ag seek out and bind Ag and are triggered to proliferate and differentiate, giving rise to clones of cells specific for the Ag.

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19
Q

Once lymphocytes have proliferated into clones, what is the function of the clones?

A

They react with the Ag to neutralize or eliminate it. Some are responsible for the memory involved in adaptive immunity.

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20
Q

After an immune response eliminates the microbes, what happens to the lymphocyte clones?

A

They die in a contraction phase and homeostasis is restored.

A few may become Ag-specific memory cells.

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21
Q

What are more effective in combating microbes: memory cells or naive lymphocytes?

A

Memory cells.

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22
Q

What is contraction of immune response?

A

It is when Abs levels decline with time after each immunization.

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23
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Immunity conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial Ags.

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24
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

It is immunity that is conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe.

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25
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

A

The thymus and bone marrow.

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26
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes and MALT

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27
Q

Where do T lymphocytes proliferate, differentiate and complete their maturation?

A

In the thymus

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28
Q

Where do B cells prolifrate, differentiate and complete their maturation?

A

In the bone marrow.

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29
Q

What type of receptors are found on the surface of T and B cells?

A

Ag-specific receptors.

The structure of these receptors varies from one cell to an other but they are all identical on a single cell.

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30
Q

T cell make contact with what types of cells in the thymus?

A

Epithelial cells, DCs and macrophages.

They provide mechanisms for the selection and differentiation of T cells useful to the immune system.

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31
Q

What are cytokines important for in the thymus?

A

They play an important role in T cell development.

32
Q

True or false: each T cell has receptors specific for multiple Ags.

A

False. Each T cell has receptors specific for only one Ag.

33
Q

What are the two types of T cells that develop?

A

T helper cells (CD4) - provide help for B cell growth and differentiation.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8) - recognize and kill virus-infected cells.

34
Q

Where do mature T cells migrate to?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues to mediate protection.

35
Q

Where does the differentiation of B cells occur?

A

Within the fetal liver, and after birth, in the bone marrow.

36
Q

The development of B cells involves contact with what types of cells?

A

Stromal cells and cytokines IL-1, 6, and 7.

37
Q

Where are three places in which lymphocytes do not continuously circulate?

A

Eye

Brain

Testicles

38
Q

How do lymphocytes enter secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Through high endothelium venules (HEV).

They express high levels of adhesion molecules that serve as homing receptors for lymphocytes

39
Q

How do lymphocytes transmigrate into tissue (in response to chemokines)?

A

By diapedesis

40
Q

How do lymphocytes reenter circulation?

A

Via efferent lymph vessels that merge into the thoracic duct.

41
Q

Where are Ags captured from?

A

A site of infection and the draining lymph node to which the antigens sare transported and where the immune response is initiated.

42
Q

What are the first steps in lymphocyte activation?

A

Entry of infectious agents and/or environmental antigens.

43
Q

Once infectious agents have entered the skin/mucosa, they can be transported to what organs?

A

The lymph node (collection of antigens from tissue via lymph)

The spleen (collection of antigens via blood).

44
Q

Where does activation of lymphocytes and initiation of adaptive immune responses occur?

A

In the lymph node and the slpeen. This creates effector T lymphocytes and antibodies that travel to the site of infection.

45
Q

Where do naive B cells migrate into?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues where they look for an respond to soluble foreign Ags.

46
Q

In the lymph nodes, Ag-activated B cells seek the help of what cells?

A

T helper cells.

47
Q

What is a key step in Ab responses to protein Ags?

A

When B cells present Ags to T helper cells.

48
Q

What do Ag-activated B cells mature into?

A

They mature into memory cells or into plasma cells.

They proliferate in germinal centers.

49
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Terminally differentiated B cells which produce and secrete large amounts of Abs.

50
Q

In the spleen, Ag-activated B cells primarily produce Abs against what?

A

Microbial polysaccharides.

51
Q

What makes up the white pulp?

A

T cell and B cell zones.

52
Q

T cells which are activated by Ags differentite into what type of cells once they have migrated into secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Effector or memory cells.

53
Q

What do some effector and memory T cells migrate back into?

A

Some effector and memory T cells migrate back into peripheral sites of infection.

54
Q

Some T cells migrate into peripheral sites of infection. Where is another place that some activated and differentiated T cells go?

A

Some remain the lymph nodes and help Ag-activated B cells to become an Ab factory.

55
Q

Abs secreted by effector B cells in the lymph nodes enter what?

A

They enter the blood and are delivered to sites of infection.

56
Q

Where are B cells found in the lymph node?

A

Follicles

57
Q

Where are T cells found in the lymph node?

A

Medulla

58
Q

The migration of B and T cells to different zone of the lympn nodes is controlled by what substanc?

A

Chemokines

59
Q

Once dendritic cells pick up Ags from the sites of Ag entry and enter through lymphatic vessels, where do they migrate to?

A

T cell-rich areas of the node.

60
Q

When there is an absence of Ag stimulation in the lymph nodes, what type of follices are presend?

A

Primary follicles.

They are composed of small naive B cells or recirculating memory B cels.

61
Q

With Ag stimulation, what happens to B cells in the lymph node?

A

B cells proliferate and differentiate converting the primary follice into a secondary follicle or germinal center.

62
Q

What cells are required for the activation of T cells?

A

Professional Ag-presenting cells. These include:

Dendritic cells

Tissue macrophages

B cells

63
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells?

A

They are cells that capture, process and display Ags to lymphocytes and provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentation of the lymphocytes.

64
Q

What do APCs present to T cells?

A

They display Ag to T cells.

65
Q

What are the only cells that are able to activate naive T cells in the lymph nodes?

A

Dendritic cells.

66
Q

Macrophages and B cells can present Ags only for ____ but not naive T cells.

A

Effector T cells.

67
Q

What two cells provide a linke between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages; they are of innate immunity.

68
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate into monocytes and are important for the activation of naive T cells.

They acquire Ag via phagocytosis, endocytosis and pinocytosis.

69
Q

Macrophages and DCs express receptors that recognize Ags typically made by ___ and not mammalian cells.

A

Microbes

70
Q

What do activated DCs secrete?

A

Cytokines

71
Q

Where are classical DCs located?

A

In the skin, mucosa and organ parenchyma.

72
Q

Once classical DCs are activated by microbes, where do they migrate to?

A

To LNs where they display microbial protein Ags to T lymphocytes.

73
Q

What type of dendritic cells is an early cellular responder to viral infection?

A

Plasmacytoid DCs.

74
Q

During inflammatory responses in the tissue, what may DCs also be derived from?

A

Circulating monocytes

75
Q

FDCs bind and display unprocessed Ags on their surfaces for recognition by what cell?

A

B cells only

76
Q

Where are FDCs found?

A

In the lymphoid follices of LNs, spleen and MALT.

77
Q

What are the two major types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells.

Immunology (17 decks)

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