HIV/AIDS

Question 1

What are in the Chain of Infection?

Answer 1

1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host

Question 2

What are the modes of transmission?

Answer 2

Airborne
Droplet
Contact

Question 3

What is standard precaution?

Answer 3

Set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes), and mucous membranes

Question 4

What are the three types of lymphocytes and their functions?

Answer 4

Killer T cells – phagocytizes the microorganisms
Helper T cells –cannot kill the microorganisms; activates the beta cells to produce anti-bodies (Immunoglobulin A, G, &M); antibodies together with killer T cells phagocytizes the microorganisms
Suppressor T cells – if cells observes that the microorganisms were killed, orders less production of RBCs and antibodies

Question 5

What is opportunistic infection?

Answer 5

Illnesses caused by various organisms, some of which usually do not cause disease in people with normal immune systems

Question 6

White blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system

Answer 6

CD4 + T helper cells

Question 7

What is the normal value of CD4?

Answer 7

500 to 1500 cells/mm3 of blood

Question 8

Important laboratory test that is going to inform doctors if the drugs being taken is effective.

Answer 8

CD4

Question 9

Group of serious illnesses & opportunistic infection that develop after a person is infected with HIV for a long period of time

Answer 9

AIDS

Question 10

Virus that causes infection. Person infected may have no signs of illness but can still infect others

Answer 10

HIV

Question 11

How is HIV/AIDS contracted?

Answer 11

Sexual contact
Sharing hypodermic needles/syringes
Mother to infant

Question 12

Considered to be the highest risk factor of HIV

Answer 12

Unprotected Anal sex

Question 13

Why are the homosexuals and bisexuals are commonly affected by HIV/AIDS?

Answer 13

Cells in the anal are so thin so they are susceptible to HIV than the cells in the vagina; semen and rectal mucosa carry more HIV compared to the vaginal fluid

Question 14

HIV can be transmitted to the baby in 3 ways

Answer 14

o During pregnancy
o During vaginal childbirth
o Breastfeeding

Question 15

Much better predictor of the risk of HIV progression than CD4 count

Answer 15

Viral load

Question 16

Stages of HIV Infection

Answer 16

primary infection
symptomatic
AIDS

Question 17

responsible for the maturation of lymphocytes

Answer 17

thymus

Question 18

what is HIV?

Answer 18

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 19

What is HAART?

Answer 19

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Question 20

What is ART?

Answer 20

Anti Retroviral Therapy

Question 21

True or False. Anyone who has less than 200 CD4 cells is considered to have AIDS

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or False. Most people who are HIV infected will develop AIDS after some time

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False. Even if the symptoms of AIDS develop & then subside for a while, that virus is not present, & the infected person will not transmit the disease

Answer 23

False

Question 24

True or False. If the person with HIV is receiving oral sex, the person giving it may have a higher risk

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False. Saliva is a carrier of the virus

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Interval between the appearance of detectable HIV RNA and the first detection of antibodies

Answer 26

Primary Infection

Question 27

Patients are asymptomatic at this stage

Answer 27

Primary Infection

Question 28

What stage is when the symptoms may appear until 7 to 10 years after being infected?

Answer 28

Symptomatic or Stage 2

Question 29

CD4 T lymphocyte cells are between 200 & 499

Answer 29

Stage 2 or Symptomatic

Question 30

When the person's ability to fight a disease has been weakened by HIV

Answer 30

AIDS

Question 31

Includes minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent URTI

Answer 31

Stage 2

Question 32

Includes unexplained chronic diarrhea, for longer than a month, severe bacterial tuberculosis

Answer 32

Stage 3

Question 33

Includes toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidacies of the esophagus, trachea, lungs, and kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 33

Stage 4

Question 34

Cancer of the skin

Answer 34

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 35

It is used to track viral load and response to treatment of HIV infection

Answer 35

Target amplification methods

Question 36

It is used to detect HIV in high-risk seronegative people before antibodies are measured. Confirms EIA result & screen neonates

Answer 36

RT-PCR

Question 37

It occurs between the time of HIV infection and the time when diagnostic tests can detect HIV

Answer 37

Window period

Question 38

Analyzes HIV positive blood samples to determine whether a HIV infection is recent or has been ongoing

Answer 38

STARHS (Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HUV Seroconversion)

Question 39

Test for detect antibodies not HIV itself

Answer 39

Antibody test

Question 40

People with AIDS generally experience increased protein metabolism – decrease in lean body mass due to muscle & protein breakdown

Answer 40

Wasting Syndrome

Question 41

Usually brownish pink to deep purple and may be flat or raised surrounded by ecchymosis and edema

Answer 41

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 42

Most common opportunistic infection in persons affected with HIV

Answer 42

Pneumocysti Pneumonia

Question 43

Rapid restoration of organism specific immune responses to infections that cause either the deterioration of a treated infection or new presentation of a subclinical infection

Answer 43

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)

Question 44

Characterized by fever, respiratory and/or abdominal symptoms, and worsening if the clinical manifestations of opportunistic infections or of new manifestations

Answer 44

IRIS (Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome)

Question 45

Drug you can take when you do not have the virus yet

Answer 45

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Question 46

True or False. PrEP does NOT prevent other STI, must use a condom in order to prevent it

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Most include combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitor

Answer 47

ART

Question 48

o Reduce HIV associated morbidity and prolong the duration and quality of survival o Restore and preserve immunologic function o Maximally and durably suppress plasma HIV viral load o Prevent HIV transmission

Answer 48

Goals of ART

Question 49

Three drugs are prescribed, starts as soon as possible, not more than 72 hours (3 days) after possible HIV exposure

Answer 49

Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)