Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What are the functions of Insuliln?
Transports and metabolizes glucose for energy
* Stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and muscle (glycogen)
* Signals the liver to stop the release of glucose
* Enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue
* Accelerates transport of amino acids (derived from dietary protein) into cells
* Inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat
What is Insulin?
Hormone secreted by beta cells which are one of four types of cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
* Anabolic, or storage, hormone
Why do you have to maintain 70-110 mg/ dL of blood or 80-120mg/ dL of blood per 100 cc of blood?
There should be available supply of blood glucose for the brain
What is Glucagon?
another hormone that is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas (lancelet of isles)
* travels to the liver and will order the liver that the body is hungry in order to produce glucose.Liver will breakdown glycogen that is stored there (glycogenolysis). Glucose will then be produced as food of the body. Liver will undergogluconeogenesis wherein proteins and fats will be converted into glucose. Producing plenty of ketones resulting to metabolic acidosis of the body.
What happens to a person with Type 1 Diabetes?
glucose derived from food cannot be stored in the liver but instead remains in the bloodstream and contributes to post prandial hyperglycemia. If the concentration of glucose in the blood exceeds the renal threshold for glucose, usually 180 to 200 mg/dL, the kidneys may not reabsorb all of the filtered glucose; glycosuria then occurs. When excess glucose is excreted in the urine, it is accompanied by excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes (osmotic diuresis)
* weight loss – body is no longer able to absorb glucose and starts to break down protein and fats for energy
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic-beta cells
* can be because of genetics, autoimmune, virus which destroyed the pancreas
* destruction of the beta cells results in decreased insulin production, increased glucose production by the liver, and fasting hyperglycemia
What is DKA?
metabolic derangement (most commonly in persons with Type 1 DM and results from a deficiency of insulin
* highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, and metabolic acidosis occurs
How does diabetes result to cardiovascular disease?
Glucose will increase in the blood making the blood viscous, the flow of the blood is sluggish making an increase pressure in the flow of blood in the heart.
Factors associated with increased insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes
overweight, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle
Two main problems of Type 2 Diabetes?
insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
What are the symptoms of Diabetes?
Fatigue, irritability, polyuria, polydipsia, poorly healing skin wounds, vaginal infections, blurred vision
What is insulin resistance?
decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin
* may lead to metabolic syndrome
* due to excess weight and fat
* physical inactivity
* “Misplaced fat”
What is Acanthosis Nigricans?
darkening or thickening of the skin in the neck/nape or axillary areas
* presence may mean there is high level of insulin in the blood
