HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Currently, the bulk of HIV infection is in __________________.

A

sub-Sarahan Africa

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2
Q

What are the first symptoms of immunodeficiency (usually)?

A

Thrush, oral hairy leukoplakia, and tuberculosis

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3
Q

Those who cannot be infected with HIV typically have what kind of mutations?

A

32 base-pair frame-shift mutations in the CCR5 receptor

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4
Q

One of the symptoms of the initial infection with HIV is ______________.

A

aseptic meningitis with a mononucleosis-like illness

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5
Q

The type of opportunistic infection that patients present with depends on ________________.

A

what is most common in the area they live; for instance, toxoplasmosis is more common in France and thus AIDS patients more often present with it there

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6
Q

Which HIV protein leads to conformational changes and entry into the cell?

A

gp41

“FORty-one FORces entry.”

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7
Q

The WHO recommends that ______________ receive anti-retroviral therapy.

A

all HIV+ people

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8
Q

The HIV mortality was highest in __________.

A

1993 - 1995; during this time, HIV was the number one cause of mortality in the 25 - 44 age group!

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9
Q

How successful have HIV vaccines been in studies?

A

The most successful vaccine had about a 30% protection.

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10
Q

What percent of Americans are HIV-positive?

A

0.25%

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11
Q

There are about _________ Americans with HIV.

A

1.2 million

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12
Q

What act is the most likely to cause infection?

A

Blood transfusion from an HIV-positive person (92%)

Receptive anal intercourse (1.4%)

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13
Q

When was the first HIV drug brought to market?

A

Zidovudine (aka AZT) in 1987

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14
Q

What is PrEP?

A

PRe-Exposure Prophylaxis: giving antiretroviral therapy to high-risk individuals

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15
Q

What lab test can show the extent of viral replication?

A

HIV RNA in plasma

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16
Q

What is the main cause of death of HIV patients in Colorado?

A

Lymphoma

17
Q

Immediate ART in HIV-negative people whose partners have HIV has been shown to ________________.

A

delay HIV infection to almost zero

18
Q

What is the current approved PrEP therapy?

A

Tenofovir-emtricitabine

19
Q

what test is used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV?

A

A HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay which confirms the presence of the virus and differentiates if the patient is infected with HIV-1 or 2

20
Q

what is the most likely mechanism of lack of responsiveness to HIV medication?

A

pol gene mutation, there are high error and replication rates allowing the reverse transcriptase to evade therapy