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Histotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

also known as numbering

A

accessioning

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2
Q

1st step in all histopathologic techniques

A

accessioning

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3
Q

identify properly all the specimens without writing the name of the patient to the accompanying tag of the specimens to be processed

A

accessioning

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4
Q

Accessioning’s pre-analytical errors

A
  • identification
  • material reception
  • coding
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5
Q

small pieces of tissue that appear on a slide that does not belong there

A

floaters

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6
Q

1st and most critical step in histotechnology

A

fixation

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7
Q

Preserving fresh tissue for examination

A

fixation

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8
Q

to preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell in a life-like manner as possible

A

fixation
primary aim

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9
Q

to harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of further handling

A

fixation
secondary aim

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10
Q

Give 4 practical considerations of fixation

A
  1. speed
  2. penetration
  3. volume
  4. duration of fixation
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11
Q

Penetration: formalin diffuses into the tissue at approximately

A

1mm/hr

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12
Q

Volume: volume of fixative should be ____ the tissue volume

A

20 times

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13
Q

True or False

Fibrous organs take longer than small or loosely textured tissues such as biopsies or scrapings

A

True

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14
Q

2 mechanisms involved in fixation

A
  1. additive fixation
  2. non-additive fixation
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15
Q

Fixation Mechanisms

  • non-coagulant cross-linking fixatives
  • chemical constituent taken into the cell, forming
  • *molecular complexes** and stabilizing proteins
A

additive fixation

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16
Q

Fixation Mechanisms

  • dehydrant coagulant fixatives
  • alteration of tissue composition by removing bound water molecule at H bonds within protein molecules
  • stabilizes proteins by forming cross-links after water molecule removal
A

Non-additive fixation

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17
Q

hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
satisfactory fixation

A

pH 6-8

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18
Q

Temperature

  • surgical specimen:
  • electron microscopy & histochemical specimens:
A
  • surgical specimen: RT
  • electron microscopy & histochemical specimens: 0-4° C
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19
Q

Thickness of Section

  • electron microscopy:
  • light microscopy:
A
  • electron microscopy: 1-2mm2
  • light microscopy: 2 cm2
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20
Q

buffer presence causes polymerization of aldehyde, with consequent decrease in its effective concentration

A

concentration

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21
Q

Primary fixation in buffered formalin: carried out for ____ during the day the specimen is obtained

A

2-6 hours

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22
Q

Give 5 fixative categories

A
  1. aldehyde
  2. metallic
  3. picrate
  4. osmium troxide
  5. heat fixation
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23
Q

Mechanism of preservation: cross-linking agents react with proteins and nucleic acids in the tissue

A

aldehyde fixatives

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24
Q

recommended in immunohistochemical studies

A

formaldehyde

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25
Q
  • produced from oxidation of methyl alcohol
  • most common fixative
A

formaldehyde

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26
Q
  • best tissue preservative
  • penetrates tissue rapidly
  • fiffusion rate = 1 cm in 24hrs
A

formalin

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27
Q

for CNS tissues & general postmortem examinations

A

10% formol-saline

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28
Q

best fixative for tissues containing iron pigments

A

10% BNF (buffered neutral formalin)

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29
Q

Best general tissue fixative

A

10% BNF

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30
Q

fixative of choice for immunohistochemistry and molecular tests

A

10% BNF

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31
Q

recommended for routine postmortem tissues

A

formol-corrosive/formol-sublimate

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32
Q

Allow quick fixation but poor penetration → recommended for electron microscopy

A

glutaraldehyde

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33
Q

Preservation of lipids

A

formol-calcium

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34
Q
  • excellent trichrome staining
  • preservation of cell detail in tissue photography
A

mercuric chloride

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35
Q

tissues may produce black precipitates

A

mercuric chloride

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36
Q
  • most common mercurial fixative
  • fast preservation
  • affinity to nuclear chromatin
A

Zenker’s fluid

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37
Q

Zenker-formol is also known as?

A

Helly’s solution

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38
Q

preserves cytoplasmic granules

A

Zenker-Formol (Helly’s solution)

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39
Q

for tumor biopsies of the skin

A

Heidenhain’s Susa

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40
Q

used for bone marrow biopsies

A

B-5 fixative

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41
Q

Chromate fixative for affinity to nuclear chromatin

A

chromic acid

42
Q

Chromate fixative which preserves cytoplasmic granules

A

potassium dichromate

43
Q

Regaud’s is also known as?

A

Moller’s

44
Q

demonstration of:

  • chromaffin tissues
  • Golgi bodies
  • mitochondria
  • colloid-containing tissues
  • mitotic figures
A

Regaud’s

45
Q
  • for Rickettsia and other bacteria
  • for study of early degenerative process
A

Orth’s fluid

46
Q

for acid mucopolysaccharides

  • Wharton’s jelly/umbilical cord
A

lead fixatives

47
Q
  • highly explosive when dry
  • precipitates are soluble in water
A

picrate fixatives

48
Q

recommended for glycogen demonstration and aniline stains

A

picrate fixatives

49
Q

True or False

Picrate fixatives should be washed in water
before dehydration

A

False

*Picrate fixatives must never be washed in water before dehydration.

50
Q

Picrate fixatives should always be immersed in ___ to prevent explosion

51
Q
  • yellow stain is useful for fragmented biopsies
  • excellent for soft and delicate tissues
A

Bouin’s solution

52
Q

preferred fixative for connective tissue staining

A

Bouin’s solution

53
Q

less messy than Bouin’s

A

Brasil’s Alcoholic Picroformol

54
Q
  • fixes and precipitates:
    • nucleoproteins
    • chromosomes
    • chromatin materials
  • for nuclear component studies
A

Glacial acetic acid

55
Q

Most often used for preservation of cytological smears

A

alcoholic fixatives

56
Q

Mechanism of preservation: dehydration and precipitation of proteins

A

alcoholic fixatives

57
Q

Alcoholic Fixatives

blood smears & bone marrow tissues

58
Q

Alcoholic Fixatives

preserves nucleoproteins and nucleic acids for histochemistry and enzyme studies

59
Q

Alcoholic Fixatives

  • most rapid fixative
  • recommended for chromosomes study, lymph nodes, urgent studies for glycogen
A

Carnoy’s fluid

60
Q

Alcoholic Fixatives

preservation of sputum

A

Alcoholic formalin (Gendre’s fixative)

61
Q

Alcoholic Fixatives

mucopolysaccharides

A

Newcomer’s fluid

62
Q
  • great fixative for lipids and fats
  • excellent fixation for nucleus and cytoplasmic structures
A

osmium tetroxide fixatives

63
Q

produces black precipitate (osmic oxide)

A

osmium tetroxide

64
Q

Permanently fixes fat

A

Flemming’s solution

65
Q

Removal of acetic acid improves cytoplasmic details

A

Flemming’s solution without acetic acid

66
Q

Used for diagnosis of rabies

67
Q

2 types of heat fixation

A
  1. Direct flaming fixation
  2. Microwave fixation
68
Q

Microwave fixation’s optimum temperature

69
Q

done before dehydration on fresh specimen or before staining on deparaffinized sections

A

secondary fixation

70
Q

secondary fixation’s mordant

A

2.5-3% K2Cr2O7
(potassium dichromate)

71
Q

specimen is immersed in a fluid for a longer period of time than the recommended fixation time

A

overfixation

72
Q

Reagents Used in Washing Out

  • chromates from tissues fixed with Helly’s, Zenker’s, and Flemming’s solutions
  • formalin
  • osmic acid
73
Q

Reagents Used in Washing Out

Picric acid from Bouin’s solution

A

50-70% alcohol

74
Q

Reagents Used in Washing Out

mercuric fixatives

A

alcoholic iodine

75
Q

removing extracellular and intracellular water from tissue following fixation and prior to wax infiltration using increasing concentrations of a dehydrating agent​

A

dehydration

76
Q

Removal of lipoidal material within the tissue

A

dehydration

77
Q

Give 6 dehydrating agents

A
  1. alcohol
  2. acetone
  3. dioxane
  4. cellosolve
  5. THF (tetrahydrofuran)
  6. triethyl phosphate
78
Q

most common dehydrating agent

79
Q
  • for routine dehydration of tissues
  • best hydrating agent
80
Q
  • plant and animal microtechniques
  • slow dehydrating agent
A

butyl alcohol

81
Q

same usage as ethanol and also known as denatured alcohol

A

industrial methylated spirit

82
Q

recommended for many of the processing methods for use in a microwave oven

A

isopropyl alcohol

83
Q
  • clear, colorless fluid & most organic solvent
  • for dehydrating urgent biopsy specimen
84
Q

associated with the production of methamphetamine (shabu)

85
Q

dioxane is also known as?

A

diethylene dioxide

86
Q

Give the 2 agents for the following

  • both a clearing and dehydrating agent
  • miscible in both water and molten paraffin wax
A
  1. dioxane
  2. THF
87
Q

ethylene glycol monoethyl ether is also known as?

A

cellosolve

88
Q

dissolves cellulose nitrate and acetate

A

cellosolve

89
Q
  • good dehydrating agent
  • can remove water easily while producing very little distortion and shrinkage and hardening of tissues
A

triethyl phosphate

90
Q

For delicate tissues (embryonic and animal tissues), it is recommended to start processing with?

A

30% ethanol

91
Q

clearing is also known as?

A

dealcoholization

92
Q

tissues become transparent as a result of the solution raising the refractive index

93
Q

replacing the dehydrating fluid with a fluid that is miscible with both the dehydrating fluid and the impregnating/embedding medium

94
Q

dealcoholization purpose of stained sections prior to mounting in?

A
  • Permount
  • Clarite or Canada balsam
95
Q

2 agents exempted from the rule of lower boiling point is easier to remove

A

glycerin & gum syrup

96
Q
  • most commonly used & rapid-clearing agent
  • for urgent biopsies
A

xylene/xylol

97
Q

Clearing Agent

recommended for CNS tissues and cytological studies
(smooth muscles, skin)

A

cedarwood oil & clove oil

98
Q

Clearing Agent

  • volatilizes rapidly in paraffin oven
  • easily eliminated from the tissue
99
Q

Clearing Agent

  • highly toxic
  • dangerous to inhale or prolonged exposure
A

carbon tetrachloride

100
Q

It is a fluid that is for mitochondria, Golgi elements, and fats

A

Champy’s fluid

GPHT (4 decks)

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