History Unit 4 Flashcards
What two new superpowers emerged after World War 2? Why was there tension between these two countries?
The two new superpowers that emerged after World War 2 are the United States and the USSR. There was tension between the United States and the USSR because of ideological differences, history grievances, and geopolitical strategies.
Define Cold War.
An ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.
How was Germany divided after World War 2?
After the Potsdam conference, Germany was divided into four occupied zones: Great Britain in the northwest (GBNW), France in the southwest (FSW), the United States in the south (USS) and the Soviet Union in the east (SUE).
What was the imaginary dividing line drawn down Europe? What did it symbolize?
The Iron Curtain was the imaginary line drawn on Europe. The Iron Curtain symbolized a barrier that divided capitalist and communist nations.
Define and explain the purpose of NATO, NORAD, DEW.
The purpose for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was to protect the security and freedom of all the countries that are members (the Allies). The purpose of the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) is taking care of missions involving aerospace warning, aerospace control, and maritime warning. The purpose of DEW Engineering and Development (DEW) is to be a full-service defence firm providing equipment and services to army, navy, air force, and police services.
Explain what life was like in the 1950s with regards to: education, suburbs, teen culture, cars?
Education: Elementary enrolment increased throughout the 1950s and most of the 1960s, consistently exceeding the relevant population due to overage students.
Suburbs: Canada’s suburbs were exploding amid a postwar economic boom. Many people were in the outlying areas of cities, suburbs, where land was less expensive. Thus, the 1950s became the first decade of “urban sprawl” in Canada as planned subdivisions were built on the periphery of cities, and farms gradually disappeared.
Teen Culture: The 1950s saw a revival of school spirit and yearbook culture after the Depression and two World Wars. Teens spent more time at school than ever before. High school offered more extracurricular activities, including sports teams and bands.
Cars: Following the Second World War, the Canadian automative industry rebounded spectacularly, as pent-up consumers demand, population growth and post-war prosperity fuelled sales, while government policies encouraged consumer spending and car-oriented suburbanization. By the mid-1950s, Canada’s industry was booming, with new plants and facilities, increased employment and a return to export sales as Canadian manufacturers took advantage of the fact that European makers were still recovering from the war.
What was the Avro Arrow? Why was the program cancelled?
The Avro Arrow was a fighter interceptor that was designed and built by Avro Canada. The program was cancelled due to bad timing and politics.
Define the Quiet Revolution.
It was a significant period of change in Quebec during the 1960s, marked by a desire for social, economic, and political reform.
Who was the FLQ and what was their goal?
The FLQ stands for the Front de Liberation du Quebec. Their goal was to achieve independence for Quebec.
Describe what happened during the FLQ crisis.
On October 5, 1970, the FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross, demanding various concessions from the government, including the release of FLQ prisoners and the ability to broadcast their manifesto. When the government refused to release prisoners, the FLQ escalated their actions by kidnapping Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte on October 10. In response to the growing crisis, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, a controversial decision that allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without charge. The Act was a powerful tool that had only been used during wartime, leading to widespread arrests across Quebec and a significant curtailing of civil liberties. Trudeau’s declaration that citizens should “just watch me” conveyed his determination to take decisive action against the FLQ. Tragically, the crisis escalated further when Laporte was found murdered, shocking the nation and prompting a more vigorous response from law enforcement. Eventually, authorities located Cross and negotiated his release in exchange for the kidnappers’ safe passage to Cuba. The crisis highlighted the deep-rooted tensions between English and French Canadians and underscored the ongoing struggle for Quebec’s identity within Canada. After the crisis, the Canadian government recognized the need for a more comprehensive approach to addressing Quebec’s aspirations, leading to future discussions on constitutional changes and the recognition of Quebec as a “distinct society”.
What was Canada’s policy by 1942?
“Total War”.
What did “Total War” mean?
All industries, materials and people were put to work for the war effort.
What did the war do for Canada?
The war launched Canada out of the depression and into an economic boom.
Who is C.D. Howe?
Minister of munitions and supply.
What did C.D. Howe do?
He quickly organized Canada’s war economy. He assumed near dictatorial powers telling businessman what they would produce, including how much and how fast. Canada became an industrial power, new factories were built, and old ones adapted for war purposes. Factories churned out thousands of guns, ships, fighter planes and military vehicles.
What happened with so many men enlisting?
Canada faced a labour shortage as early as 1941, most notably in war-related industries.
Why did the Canadian government pass the National Selective Secret Act in 1942?
To mobilize the country’s labor resources for the benefit of the war effort.
What was the main strategies of the National Selective Secretive Act?
To recruit women for the work force.
What happened after only single women were recruited initially?
Both married women and mothers were sought out upon severe labour shortages. The government even funded daycare centres so that women would be free to work.
How many Canadian women were working in munitions factories in 1943?
Approximately 225,000 Canadian women.
How much were women paid of what their male counterparts received?
60%.
How many women served overseas in the Canadian Women’s Army Corps, the Royal Women’s Navy Service and the Women’s Division of the Royal Canadian Air Force?
Over 43,000.
What problems was prime minister MacKenzie King trying to avoid?
Greed and inflation, which had plagued the Canadian political landscape during the First World War.
Why did the government set up the Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB)?
To control prices and supervise the distribution of food and other scarce goods.
Why was certain staple goods rationed?
To ensure there was a large enough supply to meet both military and civilian needs.
What did the rationed items include?
Clothing fabric, silk, meat, butter, coffee, tea, rubber tires, gasoline, and alcohol.
What did women’s organizations collect?
Paper, glass, metal, rubber, rags and bones to be recycled into war supplies.
What did women’s organizations also do?
Plant victory gardens, sewed clothes for troops, and were recruited to work on farms and in factories (similar to World War 1).
Why did the Canadian Government raise taxes during the Second World War?
To help offset the cost of financing the war.
What did the Canadian government do to help pay the rest of the war-related expenses?
The government conducted 9 Victory Loan drives between June 1941 to October 1945.
How much money did these campaigns make by the end of the war?
$12 billion.
What act did the government pass in 1940? What was the act about?
The Unemployment Insurance Act. In the face of unemployment, workers could now collect insurance.
What happened in 1944 and 1945?
In 1944, the government introduced Family Allowance, and in 1945, the first “baby bonus” cheques were mailed out.
How would you describe the changes made to soldiers when they arrived at Hong Kong, to when they were deliberated from the Japanese POW camps?
When they arrived in Hong Kong, the soldiers were well-dressed and in uniform, but when they were liberated from the Japanese POW camps, they looked malnourished judging by their skinny bodies as they were tortured and badly beaten-up.
How long was Canadian soldiers detained in POW camps following their surrender at Hong Kong?
44 months.
Describe the treatment of POWs who were captured after the fall of Hong Kong in 1941.
The Canadian POWs had to be moved to Japan to work as forced labourers, mainly in coal and iron ore mines.
Describe the importance of concealment for a secret agent.
It’s important to conceal your identity to convince others you are trustworthy and to avoid suspicion.
What kinds of messages could have been couriered in the secret compartments of these items?
The bottle corks were used to conceal codes and microprints from the enemy.
Create a list of characteristics you could use to describe these secret agents.
These secret agents were hard-working, determined, and a bit unlucky.
What skills did these agents possess?
Gustave Bieler was the first Canadian Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent to work in occupied France, Henry Fung was a Chinese-Canadian agent who worked with a SOE team, blowing up telephone and railway bridges, and harassing Japanese road convoys. Joe Galleny was trained as an elite espionage agent and parachuted into Nazi-held Yugoslavia.
In what ways were Chinese-Canadians important in the “Secret War”?
They specialized in espionage and sabotage, and were assigned to operations behind Japanese lines in Southeast Asia.
What was the purpose of the Enigma machine?
To allow an operator to type in a message, then scramble it by means of three to five notched wheels, or rotors, which displayed different letters of the alphabet.
What word did the British use to describe the intelligence gained from their work with the Enigma machine codes?
The British described any intelligence from Enigma as ‘Ultra’, and considered it top secret.
How did the Enigma machine help the Allies?
By using the German U-boats to direct their ships, carrying crucial supplies from North America, away from those danger zones if the Allies could find out in advance where U-boats were hunting.
How were the Allies finally able to crack the enigma codes?
By using this technique called ‘Bonburisms’ with the help of captured Enigma material.
