History T4 Finals 2 Flashcards
Declaration of human rights
- during WW2 united nations were formed
- stated purpose of UN was to bring peace to all nations
- after Atrocities committed by the Nazis UN wrote human rights
- declaration outlines human rights every person in the entire world has regardless of age, gender or religion
The myth of race
Heirachy of races:
- whites
- browns/mixed
- indigenous
- blacks
Racial segregation before apartheid
- discrimination against various races was called segragation
- 1911:non-whites barred from many categories of work
- 1913: 90% of the population forced into 7.5% areas known as reserves
- 1923: created areas away from cities for blacks to live
- 1926: reserved specific jobs for whites
- 1927: forbade sexual relations between black and whites
The pillars of apartheid
Race laws- population registration act,1950
Bantustans- bantu authorities act,1951
Education- bantu education act,1953
separate facilities- separate amenities act,1953
Groups areas act
- gave governenment power to move blacks out of areas for whites
- assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas
- all black people had to live in the bantustans or townships outside of the city centre
- division of all towns into separate group areas, many forced removals
- caused many non-whites to commute large distances from work to their homes
- every black person over the age of 16 had to carry a pass book
Population registration act
- enabled NP register the race and ethnic group of every south African
- SA divided into 4 racial groups
- each group except for white were sub-divided eg. venda etc.
- coloured divided into 7 subs
- families were divided due to this act
Bantu authorities act
- NP introduced Bantu authorities act, as a means of “divide and conquer”
- high infant mortality rates and poverty
- inadequate facilities and infrastructure eg. schools + medical care etc.
Banty education act
- separate education system developed with the purpose of preparing black people for a life of manual labour
- white schools had the choice of either English or afrikaans as the medium of instruction
- all education institutions were segregated
- the policy was aimed to direct black/non-white youth to the unskilled labour market
- create cheap labour supply
- 1/3 of black teachers were qualified
- only education system in the world to design to “de-educate”
seperate amenities act
- act of 1953, divided public areas, services + facilities along racial lines
- segregation in all aspects of life
- only public roads and streets were excluded from the act
- extended to include sea, seshore and beaches
- affected all people and all race groups
- all public services and spaces labelled with signs specifying “non-/europeans only”
- superior facilities reserved for whites only
resisteance to apartheid
- early 20th century various resistance movements formed
- ANC formed in 1912
- other organizations included African Politcal Organization (Coloureds) + Natal Indian Congress
- these organizations would not fight together to fight against the increasing oppression
- early resistance organisations wrote lessons to London and tried to negotiate improved conditions for their people
- only in 1947 did various resistance organizations start working together after signing the “doctors pact”
Banning of SACP
- 1950, NP introduced the suppression of communism act
- result the communist party of SA was banned
- 1953, party re-emerged as an “underground” organization called the South African communist party, SACP
ANC program of action
- with the intro of apartheid policy, ANC adopted its Programme of action, 1949
- ANC began to mobilize growing urban population through protest action eg. striles, boycotts, civil disobedience and non-cooperation
- although resistance was still passive, it was becoming more proactive in its nature
Defiance campaign
- multi-racial political mobalization act against apartheid laws under a common leadership 1952
- more than 8000 trained volunteers went to jail for “defying unjust laws”: refused to carry passes, violating curfews, entering locations + public facilities for other races
- demonstrated on a large scale + growing opposition to apartheid
- ANC grew from 7000 to 100 000, branches rose form 14 to 87
- june 26th 1955 kilptown- and adopted freedom charter to intensify struggle
- attended by 3000 delegates from different organizations and cut across racial lines
- govermnet responded swiftly and in December 1952, Nelson Mnadela , Walter Sisulu and 18 others were tried under suppression of communism act for leading a defiance campaign
Albert luthuli
-chief of his tribe, leader of 10 mil blacks in their non-violent resistance to apartheid
-hated hatred, adamant there should be peace among all men
-oranized many non-violent campaigns to defy the unjust laws
-NP charge Luthuli with conflict of interest and demanded he withdrew from ANC or give up chief
-luthuli refused both and was dismissed from chieftainship
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Albert luthuli
-chief of his tribe, leader of 10 mil blacks in their non-violent resistance to apartheid
-hated hatred, adamant there should be peace among all men
-oranized many non-violent campaigns to defy the unjust laws
-NP charge Luthuli with conflict of interest and demanded he withdrew from ANC or give up chief
-luthuli refused both and was dismissed from chieftainship
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