History (Semester 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What was the nature of the Protectionism policy?

A
  • Based on stereotypes
  • Aborigines forcibly removed from lands and made to live on reserves or missions.
  • Missionaries controlled Aboriginals
  • ‘Half-caste’ children removed from Aboriginal mothers to be raised in white community
  • Dispossession and paternalism
  • Became wards of the state & were treated legally as minors (chief protector was responsible for them)
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2
Q

What were the rights denied under the Protectionism policy?

A
  • Basic human rights (all), such as:
    • EQUALITY
    • Freedom of movement
    • Labour
    • Custody of their children
    • Control over personal property
  • Diminution of tradition and culture
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3
Q

Provide examples of Aboriginal responses to the policy of Protectionism.

A

Cummeragunja reserve:

- The reserve gained a reputation amongst white authorities as ‘trouble-makers’ → they continually defended their rights through strikes, deputations and petitions
- Cummeragunja walk-off 
- Day of Mourning
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4
Q

What was the nature of the Assimilation policy?

A
  • Aboriginals were forced to adopt ‘mainstream’ / Australian culture, in light of the ‘White Australia’ policy
    • implemented because the aim for the policy of protection had failed to eradicate aboriginal culture.
    • Full-bloods would ‘die out’, and half-castes would assimilate
  • Citizenship/Exemption Certificates: “Dog Tags”
    • Let them vote, go to hotels, education for children: citizenship rights
    • No longer Aboriginals legally
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5
Q

What were the rights denied under the Assimilation policy?

A
  • All denied, though mainly equality
  • Aboriginals not allowed to talk to their own race
  • Not allowed to continue cultural traditions
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6
Q

Provide examples of Aboriginal responses to the policy of Assimilation.

A
  • Day of Mourning
  • Anthony Martin Fernando’s protests
  • Gurindji Strike
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7
Q

When did the Stolen Generations occur?

A

Late 1800s to 1970s

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8
Q

What was the purpose of the Stolen Generations?

A

to wipe out the existence of Aboriginals by assimilating the new generation into white society

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9
Q

What experiences / things occurred in the Stolen Generation?

A
  • Removals
    - Conducted in ways including force, threat, deception and trickery.
    • Assimilation
      • Adoption
      • Fostering
      • Apprenticeships
      • Farm labour
    • Experiences
      • Children were forced to go, and parents threatened when they tried to stop this
        ‘taken like animals’
        • Boys: did farm labour
        • Girls: did housework, domestic service
        • perpetuated gender roles
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10
Q

What was the short-term response to the Stolen Generations?

A
  • Physical, mental and sexual abuse of the Stolen Generations
  • Diminution of culture by state officials led children to be ashamed of heritage
  • Disruption of Indigenous oral culture
  • Poor living conditions where children were frequently punished harshly
  • Low level of education due to labourer expectations
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11
Q

What was the long-term response to the Stolen Generations?

A
  • Intergenerational traumas
    • Generations of children raised in state care due to parents never learning required skills
    • Parents never recovered from grief
  • High incidence of depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress and suicide among the Stolen Generations
  • Loss of culture / oral tradition
    • Language
    • Land
    • Identity
  • Distrust of government, police and officials
  • Anguish of searching for identity
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12
Q

What are seven examples of Aboriginal activists / activism?

A
  1. Anthony Martin Fernando
  2. Day of Mourning
  3. Petition to the King
  4. Cummeragunja Walk-Off
  5. Aboriginal Progressive Association
  6. Aboriginal Advancement League
  7. Gurindji Strike
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13
Q

What was the short-term impact of the Day of Mourning?

A
  • Motivated the Indigenous community
  • Empowered Aboriginals
  • Showed the government and society their cause
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14
Q

What was the legacy left by the Day of Mourning?

A
  • Recognised by Aboriginal organisations

- However, overshadowed by events such as Australia Day / Invasion Day, which is the opposite of the Day of Mourning.

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15
Q

When did the Petition to the King occur?

A

1937

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16
Q

What was the Petition to the King?

A

A petition to King George V from the Aboriginals, requesting his intervention to improve quality of life for the Aboriginals and give them a voice in federal parliament.

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17
Q

What types of activism did the Day of Mourning conduct?

A
  • Community meeting
  • Speech
  • Marching
  • Pamphlets
  • Public protest
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18
Q

Who was the Petition to the King organised by?

A

William Cooper

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19
Q

What types of activism were the Petition to the King?

A
  • Peaceful

- Formal petition / letter

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20
Q

What was the short-term impact of the Petition to the King?

A
  • Increased (moral) motivation of Aboriginal activism
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21
Q

What was the Petition to the King?

A

A petition to King George V seeking representation in parliament, citizenship and land rights for Aboriginal people

22
Q

What types of activism were the Petition to the King?

A
  • Peaceful

- Formal petition / letter

23
Q

What was the legacy left by the Petition to the King?

A

It was not sent to King George VI by the cabinet, so had no long-term effect.

24
Q

When was the Cummeragunja Walk-Off?

A

1953

25
Q

What was the Cummeragunja Walk-Off?

A

Hundreds of Aborigines walked off the Cummeragunja reserve in protest to the oppressive conditions and management from the whites.

26
Q

Who organised the Cummeragunja Walk-Off?

A

Jack Patten

27
Q

What types of activism were the Cummeragunja Walk-Off?

A
  • Walk off / strike

- Peacefully disobeying authority

28
Q

What was the short-term effect of the Cummeragunja Walk-off?

A
  • Motivator for other peaceful protests by Aboriginals under oppressive conditions
  • Demonstrated to public that Aborigines were tired of conditions, and wanted equality.
29
Q

What was the legacy left by the Cummeragunja Walk-off?

A
  • The majority of families who left never returned

- In 1983, the land was returned to the Yorta Yorta people, and some of them live in Cummeragunja today.

30
Q

What was the Aboriginal Advancement League?

A
  • The oldest Aboriginal organisation

- Encouraged fight for civil rights / against assimilation laws

31
Q

Who led the Aboriginal Advancement League?

A

Doug Nicholls

32
Q

What types of activism did the Aboriginal Advancement League conduct?

A
  • Peaceful assembly

- Political and social petitions / letters

33
Q

What was the short-term effect of the Aboriginal Advancement League?

A
  • Influenced Aboriginals to fight for rights

- Drafted and circulated petition to allow federal government to legislate in Aboriginal affairs?

34
Q

What was the legacy left by the Aboriginal Advancement League?

A
  • Provided foothold for other groups to gain civil rights
35
Q

What was the Aboriginal Progressive Association?

A
  • Aimed to improve quality of life for Aborigines

- Responsible for organising Day of Mourning protest

36
Q

Who led the Aboriginal Progressive Association?

A

William Ferguson & Jack Patten

37
Q

What types of activism did the Aboriginal Progressive Association conduct?

A

Peaceful assembly

38
Q

What was the short-term effect of the Aboriginal Progressive Association?

A
  • Built alliance of Aboriginal activists in Aboriginal communities, reserves and major NSW centres (etc. Sydney)
39
Q

What was the legacy left by the Aboriginal Progressive Association?

A
  • Day of Moruning
40
Q

What was the Gurindji Strike?

A
  • Strike that lasted 7 years
  • Led 200 Aboriginal workers off jobs at Wave Hill cattle station
  • Complaints included low wages and poor conditions, but shifted towards land rights
41
Q

Who led the Gurindji Strike?

A

Gurindji tribal elder Vincent Lingiari

42
Q

What types of activism did the Gurindji Strike conduct?

A
  • Strike
43
Q

What was the short-term effect of the Gurindji Strike?

A

Challenged Australian labour movement to address attitudes on rights and conditions of Aborigines

44
Q

What was the legacy left by the Gurindji Strike?

A

Forced head organisations to adopt policies on Aboriginal rights, and increased awareness amongst white community of mistreatment of Aborigines

45
Q

When did the Gurindji Strike occur?

A

August 1966 - 1975

46
Q

When was the Day of Mourning?

A

26th Jan, 1938 after the Australia Day parades

47
Q

What was the Day of Mourning?

A

Protest against white government / denial of human rights and wrongful seizure of land

48
Q

Who was Anthony Martin Fernando?

A

An Aboriginal activist who went to London and raised awareness about Aboriginals.

Publicised the issues of segregation of Aboriginals by wearing a coat with bones on them that indicated the loss of his Aboriginal people / family.

49
Q

What types of activism did Anthony Martin Fernando conduct?

A
  • Standing protest
  • Peaceful
  • Vocal activism
50
Q

What was the short-term effect of Anthony Martin Fernando?

A
  • Activities oversea increased worldwide interest in Aboriginal awareness
51
Q

What was the legacy left by Anthony Martin Fernando?

A
  • (Overseas) Raised issue of denial of Aboriginal rights oversea
  • Inspired further activism of Aboriginal rights