History Semester 1 final Flashcards
Direct democracy
Population votes directly on actions
Theocracy
Governed by religion
Magna Carta
-Nobles revolt against King John
-Signed in 1215
-Jury of peers, no taxation without consent
Montesquieu
-Published “The Spirit of Laws” in 1748
-Checks and balances in govt.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
-Published “The Social Contract” in 1762
-People are most happy when they have more freedom
-Direct democracy
John Locke
-Tabla Rasa: Every human is born neutral
-Social contract theory:
+Govt. brings order and protection
+Citizens follow laws
+Citizens can overthrow
Voltaire
Freedom of expression
Niccolo Machiavelli
-Exiled diplomat, wrote “The Prince”
-Better feared than loved
-changed the nature of politics, no mention of divine right
Enlightenment
-Reason applied to Bible
-Period of philosophy
American Revolution+US Constitution
-Influenced by enlightenment ideals
-Inspired french revolution
Napoleonic Reforms
-Established National Bank+loans
-Louisiana purchase
-Brought back nobles
-Jobs through merit(everyone is equal)
Committee of Public Safety
-Ruled during Reign of Terror
-Run by Robespierre
Reign of Terror
-Beheaded many for being “counter-revolutionaries”
+Marie Antionette
-To establish “Republic of Virtue”
-Tried to remove religion
Bastille
-Rumors spiral of Louis XVI hiring Swiss mercenaries
-People raid Bastille to arm themselves
-Point of no return for revolution
Tennis Court Oath
-Sworn by National Assembly after Louis XVI locked them out of meeting place
-Stop at nothing to write new Constitution
Guillotine
Beheading tool used during Reign of Terror
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia
-Failed
+France follows the Russians through land, losing men and resources as they go
+Russians leave land behind them burned
+Bad terrain
Estates General
-French voting system
+First Estate: Clergy, made up 1% of France, paid no taxes
+Second Estate: Nobles, 2%, few taxes
Third Estate: Other 97%, most taxes
-Louis XVI called them into action
-National Assembly formed
Declaration of the Rights of Man
-Integrated Enlightenment beliefs
-Goals for new govt.
Levee En masse/Citizen Army
-LeM calls for every french citizen to help war effort against Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, Portugal
-Citizen army of 650,000, motivated
-Generals rise through survival of the fittest
Continental System
-Ban by Napoleon on British goods to harm British economy
-Ended up boosting British
+Forced trades to spread
+Goods became worth more due to risk involved
+Russia forced to break boycott
Hundred Days
-The time between Napoleon’s return to Waterloo to the second restoration of the throne
Isaac Newton
-Invented calculus, applied it to astronomy
-Principa
+Three Principals of motion
=Object at rest will remain at rest until acted on by an outside force
=Object in motion will remain in motion
=Equal and opposite reaction
Adam Smith/Laissez-Faire
-“The Wealth of Nations”
-People will serve their own best self-interest
+Highest quality, lowest price
-Laissez Faire: necessary competition
-Invisible Hand Theory
Mercantilism
-Limited amount of wealth in the world, gold and silver
-gained through conquest
-High export, low import –> Tariffs
Humanism
-Movement based on Greco-Roman art+studies
-Fathered by Petrach
-Individuality, moving away from religion
Erasmus
-Christianity is a lifestyle
-Didn’t want new church
-Education is key
Copernicus
-First to suggest heliocentric world model
-“On Revolution of Heavenly Spheres” (published at death)
Descartes
-“I think therefore I am”
-Cartesian Dualism
+Mind separate from matter
+Religion only exists in mind
-“Discourse on method”
Spinoza
-Combine science and religion
-Human body knows when it has sinned
Pascal
-Human mind cannot understand God(God is infinite)
-Humans are capable of greatness, but weak
+Only christianity acknowledges this
Brahe
Collected data of star movements for 20 years
Kepler
-Three laws of planetary motion
+planets orbit in the shape of an ellipse
+speed of planet increases closer to sun
+planets with larger orbits revolve slower
Galileo
-Developed space telescope
-Celestial bodies are made of rock
-“Two Chief World Systems”
Ptolemy
-Sun is center of universe
-Believed until Scientific Revolution
Charlemagne/ Charles the great
-First European monarch
-King of Franks, then Holy Roman Emperor
-Pushed forward “city of god” ideals
German princes in Reformation
Aided Martin Luther because less power to church meant more power for them
Lutheranism
-Abolished celibacy
-No indulgences
-Luther still believes in divine right
-no monasticism
-Encouraged founding schools
-Faith and no hierarchy
Anabaptists
-All are equal
-free choice
-no killing
-early christian values
-Adult baptism
Anglicans
-Founded by Henry VIII to divorce his wife
