History - Russia - AOS1

Question 1

Tsarism

Monarchy

Answer 1

…the country had so radically vomited up the monarchy that it could not ever crawl down the people’s throat again

Historiography - Trotsky

Question 2

Tsarism

Monarchy

Answer 2

…the country had so radically vomited up the monarchy that it could not ever crawl down the people’s throat again

Historiography - Trotsky

Question 3

Tsarism

Vs Europe

Answer 3

Tsarism enjoyed an incomparably greater degree of independence than European absolutism which had grown out of estate monarchy.

Historiography - Trotsky

Question 4

Tsarism

Collapse - 1

Answer 4

…the collapse of tsarism, while not improbable, was certainly not inevitable

Historiography - Pipes

Question 5

Tsarism

Collapse - 2

Answer 5

…while the collapse of tsarism was not inevitable, it was made likely by deep-seated cultural and political flaws that prevented the tsarist regime from adjusting to the economic and cultural growth of the country, flaws that proved fatal under the pressure generated by World War I

Historiography - Pipes

Question 6

Tsarism

Intelligentsia

Answer 6

Whatever grievances they may have harboured - real and fancified - the ‘masses’ neither needed nor desired a revolution; the only group interested in it was the intelligentsia. Stress on alleged popular discontent and class conflict derives more from ideological preconceptions than from the facts at hand - namely from the discredited Marxist theory that political developments are always and everywhere driven by class conflict

Historiography - Pipes

Question 7

Tsarism

Worst Enemy

Answer 7

The tsarist autocracy was the worst enemy of the people.

Historiography & Primary - CPSU

Question 8

Tsarism

Prisoner Of Nations

Answer 8

Tsarist Russia was a prisoner of nations.

Historiography & Primary - CPSU

Question 9

Tsarism

Hangman

Answer 9

Tsardom was a hangman and torturer of the non-Russian peoples.

Historiography & Primary - CPSU

Question 10

Tsarism

Stupidity

Answer 10

The tsarist regime’s downfall was not inevitable; but its own stupidity made it so

Historiography - Figes

Question 11

Tsarism

Fell Not Overthrown

Answer 11

For the Romanov regime fell under the weight of its own internal contradictions. It was not overthrown.

Historiography - Figes

Question 12

Tsarism

Nicholas

Answer 12

Nicholas was the source of all the problems. If there was a vacuum of power at the centre of the ruling system, then he was the empty space. In a sense, Russia gained in him the worst of both worlds: a Tsar determined to rule from the throne yet quite incapable of exercising power

Historiography - Figes

Question 13

Russo- Japanese War

Impact On Tsar’S Strength

Answer 13

The tsarist government reckoned that the war would help to strengthen its political position and to check the revolution. But it miscalculated. The tsarist regime was shaken more than ever by the war.

Historiography - CSPU

Question 14

Russo- Japanese War

Guns Vs Icons

Answer 14

On the news that the Tsar had sent the troops icons to boost their morals, General Dragomirov quipped: ‘The Japanese are beating us with machine-guns, but never mind: we’ll beat them with icons.

Historiography - Figes

Question 15

Russo- Japanese War

Tsarism Totter

Answer 15

The Russo-Japanese war had made tsarism totter . . . The workers had organised independently of the bourgeoisie in the soviets.

Historiography - Trotsky

Question 16

1905

Broken Ribs

Answer 16

Although with a few broken ribs, Tsarism came out of the experience of 1905 alive and strong enough

Historiography - Trotsky

Question 17

1905

Controlled By People

Answer 17

The Russian revolution showed once more that people are not ruled by rifles, guns and battleships: in the final analysis, rifles, guns, and battleships are controlled by people.

Historiography - Trotsky

Question 18

1905

Bolsheviks Course

Answer 18

The Bolsheviks took as their course the extension of the revolution, the overthrow of tsardom by armed uprising, the hegemony of the working class, the isolation of the Constitutional-Democratic bourgeoisie, an alliance with the peasantry, the formation of a provisional revolutionary government consisting of representatives of the workers and peasants, the victorious completion of the revolution.

Historiography - CSPU

Question 19

1905

Institution Vs Attitudes

Answer 19

The 1905 Revolution substantially altered Russia’s political institutions, but it left political attitudes untouched.

Historiography - Pipes

Question 20

1905

Aggravated Problem

Answer 20

The 1905 Revolution not only failed to resolve Russia’s outstanding problem - estrangement between rulers and ruled - but aggravated it.

Historiography - Pipes

Question 21

1905

Breathing Spell

Answer 21

In the end, Russia had gained nothing more than a breathing spell.

Historiography - Pipes

Question 22

1905

Father Gapon

Answer 22

It was ironic but somehow fitting that the 1905 Revolution should have been started by an organisation dreamed up by the tsarist regime itself. No-one believed more than Father Gapon in the bond between Tsar and people

Historiography - Figes

Question 23

1905

Put The Clock Back

Answer 23

…although the regime succeeded in restoring order, it could not hope to put the clock back. 1905 had changed society for good. Many of the younger comrades of 1905 were the elders of 1917. They were inspired by its memory and instructed by its lessons

Historiography - Figes

Question 24

Bloody Sunday

Faith In Tsar

Answer 24

The streets of St. Petersburg ran with workers’ blood. January 9 (22) came to be known as ‘Bloody Sunday’: On that day the workers received a bloody lesson. It was their faith in the tsar that was riddled by bullets on that day. They came to realize that they could win their rights only by struggle

Historiography - CSPU

Question 25

Bloody Sunday

Whose Interest

Answer 25

That day was a momentous one in the political awakening of the workers of Russia. On that day they realised whose interests the tsar and the tsarist government were defending…

Historiography - CSPU

Question 26

Bloody Sunday

Revulsion At Slaughter

Answer 26

The revulsion following the slaughter soon engulfed the whole nation and there were widespread manifestations of popular grief, indignation and anger against the guilty tsar. Not just the industrial workers but the middle classes, intellectuals, professional organisations and the whole of Russian society were roused to fury.

Historiography - Wood

Question 27

Political Parties

1870S Radicals

Answer 27

Certainly in the 1870s Russia had a full-fledged revolutionary movement: the men who led the 1917 Revolution looked to the radicals of the 1870s as forerunners.

Historiography - Pipes