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GCSE > History: Power and the People > Flashcards

History: Power and the People Flashcards

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1
Q

What is elitism?

A

A system or society where power and influence is concentrated in a relatively small group of people

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2
Q

Which social groups were involved in the feudal system?

List from smallest to largest in quantity

A
  • King
  • Barons
  • Knights
  • Peasants
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3
Q

What did barons do?

A

Gave the king money and men to fight in wars in return for land

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4
Q

Why were barons unhappy with King John?

A
  • Poor relations with the Pope, which could lead to foreign invasions
  • John’s poor battle record meant that he lost land in France
  • They had to pay scutage
  • John ignored demands of the Great Council, making the barons feel disrespected
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5
Q

What was scutage?

A

A high tax on barons who didn’t fight for John when asked

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6
Q

Why was the Magna Carta neccessary in the eyes of barons?

A
  • They wanted to end scutage
  • They wanted a fair application of law
  • Church relations were poor and needed fixing
  • Lots of territory was lost in France
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7
Q

When and where was the Magna Carta signed?

A

15th June 1215 in Runnymede

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8
Q

What was the scale and impact of the Magna Carta?

A

Scale
Small in scale, as it was a dispute between the king and barons, who were small in population

Impact
Little short term impact, as King John ignored the Magna Carta after he signed. However it was very significant in the long term as it provided the foundation for democracy in Britain

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9
Q

Who did King Henry III have problems with?

A
  • The Pope
  • The French
  • The barons
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10
Q

What was King Henry III’s problem with the Pope?

A

He was pious (devoutly religious), so had a close relationship with the Pope. The Pope tried to use Henry to fight wars in Sicily. Henry had to pay the Pope to fight these wars, and if he didn’t, was threatened to be excommunicated.

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11
Q

What was King Henry III’s problems with the French?

A

King John, Henry’s father, lost land in France, so had to raise money to fund war campaigns to get the land back. He was unsuccessful, so sent his brother-in-law Simon de Montfort, who won land back and controlled it for Henry.

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12
Q

What was King Henry III’s problems with the barons?

A

The barons were angry because they felt disrespected by Henry. Henry also increased taxes to pay the Pope, which annoyed the barons, since they were the ones who had to pay.

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13
Q

Why did Simon de Montfort rebel against King Henry III?

A

He was discontent with how Henry was managing the country and wanted to reform the government

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14
Q

Why did the peasants revolt in 1381?

A
  • Poll tax, where everyone payed the same tax, regardless of prosperity
  • The Black Death killed many peasants, so they though that they deserved higher pay
  • Peasants were forced to work for their lord, and wanted to reduce the influence of landowners
  • John Ball said that God created everyone equally and there should be no rich or poor
  • The King spent money on the military, so citizens got less attention
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15
Q

What did John Ball do?

A

Encouraged equality amongst people, as God created everyone as equal.

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16
Q

What did Wat Tyler do?

A

Led the Peasants Revolt. He eventually met the King and outlines the peasants’ demands.

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17
Q

What were the impacts of the Peasants Revolt?

A
  • End to poll tax
  • Peasants’ wages began to rise
  • Some peasants were able to buy their own land
  • Peasants became more independent
  • Peasants and villeins were freemen
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18
Q

What was The Reformation?

A

A religious movement in the 1500s to reduce power of the Catholic Church due to the Church’s wealth and influence in society. This led to Henry VIII being the head of the Church of England

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19
Q

Why did King Henry VIII support The Reformation?

A
  • He saw the Pope as a competing power
  • He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope wouldn’t allow it
  • If Henry was in charge of the church, he wouldn’t have to pay the Pope taxes
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20
Q

What were the causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • Rising prices
  • Many people wanted monasteries back, with the Pope as the head of the Church
  • Supporters of Catherine of Aragon fell out of favour after the divorce
  • Cromwell was hated by landowners and was blamed for changes to the Church
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21
Q

What was the scale and impact of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

Scale
Around 50,000 people, which is quite large, but smaller than the Peasant’s Revolt

Impact
Limited impact as it completely failed. The King was in firm control and there was virtualy no long term impact either.

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22
Q

What were the causes of the English Revolution?

A
  • Parliament didn’t trust Charles I because of his religious links and his attempts to rule the country without consulting the parliament
  • Religious disagreements
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23
Q

What is the divine right of kings?

A

The belief that kings derived their authority from God, so should not have to justify their actions.

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24
Q

Who fought in the English Civil War?

A
  • Cavaliers (royalists)
  • Roundheads (parliamentarians)
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25
Q

Who were the cavaliers?

A
  • Wealthy landowners who wanted to keep their wealth
  • Worried about the growing influence of pariliament
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26
Q

Who were the roundheads?

A
  • Merchants supported by middle-class and peasants.
  • Weren’t happy about the King’s taxes
  • Did not support Charles’ religious and political reforms
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27
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

A
  • MP for Cornwall
  • Puritan
  • Led parliamentary forces with Thomas Fairfax
  • Created the New Model Army
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28
Q

Who were the Levellers?

A

People who tried to campaign for equality in society

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29
Q

Who were the Diggers?

A

People who:
- Believed property was theft
- Believed equality could be achieved by everyone digging and planting crops together

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30
Q

What was the scale and impact of the English Revolution?

A

Scale
Large in scale since hundreds of thousands of people were involved

Impact
End of monarchy in England and Wales. Cromwell established his own personal rule as Lord Protector

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31
Q

What were the causes of the American Revolution?

A
  • Americans resented paying for British army’s presence
  • Navigation Acts
  • Colonists disagreed with land boundaries that the British agreed with the Native Americans
  • Americans were ruled by Britain, yet had no representatives in the British parliament
  • Stamp Tax
  • Unhappy at paying taxes without having a say in them
  • 1770 Boston Masacre
  • 1773 Boston Tea Party
  • 1775 Lexington Incident
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32
Q

What were the Navigation Acts?

A

Rules that meant that colonists in America could only trade with Britain

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33
Q

What was the Stamp Tax?

A

A very unpopular tax on all documents, including newspapers

34
Q

What was the Boston Massacre 1770?

A

The British army killing some anti-British colonists

35
Q

What was the Boston Tea Party 1773?

A

Colonists pouring British tea into a harbour in protest at the Tea Tax imposed by the British

36
Q

What was the Lexington Incident?

A

When British soldiers were fired on when they tried to seize some gunpowder. This started the American Revolution.

37
Q

What was the scale and impact of the American Revolution?

A

Scale
Mainly involved people in the 13 colonies in America. Involvement of people in Britain was limited.

Impact
Very significant, the first successful challenge of a colony against the authority of its imperial ruler.

38
Q

What was the Declaratory Act 1766?

A

A rule that the British government had the right to pass laws in their colonies

39
Q

Who were the moderates?

A

People who benefited from the trades between Britain and America

40
Q

Who were the loyalists?

A

People in the American colony who wanted to remain part of the British Empire

41
Q

Who were the radicals?

(American Revolution)

A

Self-made men like lawyers who believed that they should be represented in any legislation that taxed them

42
Q

Who were the pamphleteers?

A

People who argued in favour of America’s independence

43
Q

What were the problems with Britain’s electoral system in the early 19th century?

A
  • King and major landowners controlled the country
  • Workers in new cities/towns had no representation
  • Rotten boroughs had no one living there but still sent 2 MPs to parliament
  • Pocket boroughs were controlled by rich people
  • Women didn’t have the right to vote
  • No secret ballot meant that people could be bribed or intimidated
44
Q

What is the Great Reform Act 1832?

A

An act that:
- Made a few small locations lose the right to elect their own MPs
- Made a few other smaller locations lose 1 MP
- Gave London and other large towns/cities more MPs
- Allowed middle class men to vote, but not women or working class men

45
Q

What happened in the Peterloo Massacre 1819?

A

50,000 people arrived at St Peter’s Fields from all around Manchester. Henry Hunt was due to make a speech calling for the reform of Parliament. Manchester didn’t have a police force at the time, so the army was sent to prevent disturbances. When Hunt began to speak, the army attempted to arrest him and attack anyone in their way. 11 were killed and 400 were injured.

46
Q

Who were the radicals?

(Chartism)

A

People who campaigned for better treatment of working people and voting rights

47
Q

Who were the conservatives?

A

People who thought extending voting rights were dangerous. Also against the radical political change.

48
Q

What were the aims of the Chartist movement?

A
  • Votes for all men above 21
  • Secret ballot
  • Equal electoral districts
  • No property qualification to become an MP
  • Payment for MPs
  • Annual parliaments
49
Q

What were the methods of the Chartist movement?

A
  • Sympathetic MPs asking questions
  • Mass meetings and demonstrations
  • Publication and distribution of newspapers
  • Petitioning in parliament
50
Q

What did the government do against the Chartist movement?

A
  • Rejected petitions
  • Put up posters asking people to not attend Chartist meetings
  • Arrested Chartists regularly
  • Transported Chartists to countries like Australia
51
Q

Why did Chartism fail in the short-term?

A
  • Strong parliamentary opposition
  • Standard of living increased during the 1850s
  • Alternative working class movements grew
  • Lacked one clear message
52
Q

What was the scale and impact of the Chartist movement?

A

Scale
Large in scale as it was a mass movement. The chartists had thousands of members using a range of methods in their protests.

Impact
Despite having little short-term impact, 5 of the 6 demands were eventually met, with only annual parliaments not being accepted.

53
Q

What were Corn Laws?

A

A ban to non-British wheat, which increased the price of bread and wheat in Britain.

54
Q

Why did people oppose the Corn Laws?

A
  • They were unfair to poorer people
  • Cheap wheat could lower living costs
  • People would have more money for other goods
  • People could by industrial goods
  • Imporved trade with other countries would help to secure peace
55
Q

What was the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

A political organization that campaigned to repeal the Corn Laws

56
Q

Who were the 2 prominent members of the Anti-Corn Law League?

A
  • Richard Cobden
  • John Bright
57
Q

Which tactics did the Anti-Corn Law League use?

A
  • Speeches
  • Pamphlets
  • Newspaper articles
  • Using railways to travel faster and spread information faster
58
Q

What was protectionism?

A

An economic policy a government can introduce to protect its economy from the effect of cheap foreign inputs

59
Q

Who repealed the Corn Laws and when?

A

Robert Peel in 1846

60
Q

Why did Robert Peel repeal the Corn Laws?

A

England, along with Scotland and Ireland were experiencing a shortage of wheat. Cheaper foreign wheat was used to feed the people.

61
Q

Who were the key figures in anti-slavery campaigns?

A
  • William Wilberforce
  • Granville Sharp
  • Thomas Clarkson
  • Olaudah Equiano
62
Q

What did William Wilberforce do?

A

Spoke for abolition of slavery in parliament and presented a petition in 1797

63
Q

What did Granville Sharp do?

A

Argued in Law Courts to free slaves and clarify the law about slave ownership

64
Q

What did Thomas Clarkson do?

A

Collected information and produced drawings and pamphlets about conditions aboard slave ships

65
Q

What did Olaudah Equiano do?

A

He was a former slave who wrote a widely-read book about his life

66
Q

Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

6 farmers from the Dorset village of Tolpuddle who were arrested and sentenced to Australia in 1834 for their union to get a pay rise

67
Q

What was the Matchgirl’s Strike?

A

A group women and girls who made matches in the Bryant and May Factory. The conditions were poor and many women became ill. Also, they were paid poorly and were frequently fined. They went on strike with the help of journalist Annie Besant, who published ‘White Slaves of London’.

68
Q

What was the Dockers’ Strike?

A

A group of dockers, led by Ben Tillet wanted a pay rise from 5 to 6 pennies an hour. In protest, they went on strike carrying fish heads and rotten vegetables to show what their families lived on.

69
Q

What was the NUWSS?

A

National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies
Created by Millicent Fawcett, also known as the suffragists

70
Q

What was the Women’s Freed om League?

A

A league created in 1907 by WSPU members who didn’t believe in violent tactics. They campaigned for equal rights.

71
Q

What was the WSPU?

A

Women’s Social and Political Union
Created by Emmeline Pankhurst, it was a union of women who campaigned for women’s rights in violent ways. Known as suffragettes.

72
Q

What was the difference between suffragettes and suffragists?

A

Suffragettes used violent methods, whereas suffragists were comparatively more peaceful.

73
Q

Which tactics did the WSPU use?

A
  • Heckling MPs during speeches
  • Demonstrations outside House of Commons
  • Chaining themselves to railings
  • 1912 stone-throwing campaign
  • Arson attacks and blowing up buildings
74
Q

What was the impact of suffrage?

A
  • Huge publicity around WSPU
  • Labour party eventually supported women’s vote
75
Q

What was the Windrush Generation?

A

A large number of people from the Carribean and other Commonwealth countries on the boat HMT Windrush. It was a result of labor shortages after WW2.

76
Q

What were the 3 issues that the Windrush generation experienced?

A
  • Racism
  • Poor employment
  • Poor housing
77
Q

What was the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech?

A

A speech by Enoch Powell in 1968, where he strongly criticised the rate of immigration from the New Commonwealth

78
Q

What was the Race Relations Act 1965?

A

An act which prevented racial discrimination in housing and employment

79
Q

What was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968?

A

An act aimed to help the integration of immigrant communities

80
Q

What was the Race Relations Act 1976?

A

An act that stated that discrimnation put another group at a disadvantage, and aimed to stop it.

81
Q

What was the Brixton Riots 1981?

A

There were rumours that a black man was attacked by police, which led to fighting between the protestors and the Metropolitan police.

GCSE (11 decks)

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