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Clinical lab diagnostics of small animals > History, physical exam, restraint > Flashcards

History, physical exam, restraint Flashcards

1
Q

Signalment (7)

A

information collected at the start of/before the visit.

Name
Species
Breed
Age
Gender
Neutered/intact
Weight

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2
Q

BAR
QAR

A

BAR – bright, alert responsive
QAR – quiet, alert, responsive

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3
Q

hemi- & paraparesis

A

weakness or paralysis of one side of the body is a hemiparesis or hemiplegia;

weakness or paralysis of both legs is a paraparesis or paraplegia

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4
Q

kyphosis

A

hunched back

opposite to lordosis

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5
Q

BCS scale

A

Scale 1-5 or 1-9

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6
Q

Muscle condition score (MCS) - what do you palpate (4) and how do you rate (4).

A

Spine, scapulae, skull, wings of the ilia

Normal, mild loss, moderate loss, severe loss

Bilateral or unilateral loss in limbs

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7
Q

Counting Respiratory rate: how and norm. for dogs and cats.

A

Resting state; count during 10 or 15 seconds, multiply by 6 or 4.

Normal rate:
Dogs - 10-40/min (consider the size of the dog)
Cats - 20-40/min

Try and localize whether increased effort on inspiration or expiration.

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8
Q

Stridor indicates ?

A

rigid tissue vibrations (larynx, trachea)

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9
Q

Stertor indicates?

A

soft tissue vibrations (soft palate/upper airways)

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10
Q

Pathological Breathing patterns are often described as 1 of 3:

A

Obstructive
Restrictive
Asynchronous (paradoxical)

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11
Q

Obstructive breathing pattern =

A

Increased inspiratory effort (+/- respiratory noise) → upper airway disease.

Increased expiratory effort → lower airway disease.

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12
Q

Restrictive breathing pattern =

A

Mixed respiratory pattern in which you see both increased inspiratory and expiratory effort → primary lung disease (parenchymal disease).

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13
Q

Asynchronous (paradoxical) breathing pattern =

A

Abdomen moves inward during inspiration → pleural disease.

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14
Q

Dogs
Deciduous teeth

A

Deciduous teeth 2x (I3/3:C1/1:P3/3) = 28

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15
Q

Dogs
Permanent teeth

A

2 x (I3/3:C1/1:P4/4:M2/3) = 42

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16
Q

Cats
Deciduous teeth

A

2x (I3/3:C1/1:P3/2) = 26

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17
Q

Cats
Permanent teeth

A

2x (I3/3:C1/1:P3/2:M1/1) = 30

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18
Q

ptyalism

A

excessive salivation

19
Q

A prolonged CRT indicates?

A

peripheral perfusion is Normal at 1-2 sec

Prolonged = dehydration, hypovolemia, shock

20
Q

A decreased CRT can indicate?

A

Decreased – early shock, fever, hyperthermia

peripheral perfusion is Normal at 1-2 sec

21
Q

pale white mucous membranes can indicate (3)

A

anemia
poor perfusion
vasoconstriction

22
Q

possible causes of red mucous membranes (4)

A

sepsis
early shock
SIRS (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
fever

23
Q

brownish mucous membranes can indicate?

A

not when its not pigment!

methemoglobulinemia/ intravascular hemolysis

24
Q

enophtalmia

A

sunken eyes

25
Q

skin turgor is normally reduced in what types of healthy patient? (2)

A

geriatric or underweight patients

and vice versa, overweight patients normally have increased turgor

26
Q

estimate dehydration percentage when history of few episodes vomiting and/ diarrhea, clinical exam normal.

A

<5%

27
Q

estimate dehydration percentage when history of episodes vomiting and/ diarrhea, clinical exam finds increased turgor, dry mm, enophtalmia.

A

6-8%

28
Q

estimate dehydration percentage when history of excessive episodes vomiting and/ diarrhea, clinical exam finds marked degree turgor, dry mm, enophtalmia, slow CRT, rapid pulse.

A

9-11%

29
Q

estimate dehydration percentage when hypovolemic shock.

A

12-15%

30
Q

A Normal thyroid gland can’t be

A

palpated

31
Q

An Overfilled, pulsating Jugular vein can indicate?

A

Right-sided heart failure

32
Q

Palpable lymph nodes (5)

A

Submandibular lnn
Prescapular lnn
Axillary lnn
Inguinal lnn
Popliteal lnn

33
Q

Normal rate heart rate
Dogs
Cats

A

Dogs - 60-140/min (consider the size)
Cats – 140 (180) -200/min

34
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

HR faster during inspiration and slower during expiration

is normal for dogs but not cats

35
Q

what is a cardiac gallop?

A

Cardiac gallop is a mechanical hemodynamic event associated with a relatively rapid rate of ven- tricular filling and accompanied by a ventricular bulge and a low-frequency sound.

It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop.

Gallop rhythms may be associated with the following: Ventricular overload.

36
Q

grading heart murmurs

A

Auscultate all valve areas
Murmurs are graded I-VI
Sound caused by turbulent blood flow
Assess where the murmur is the loudest (PMI)
Systolic vs diastolic vs continuous
Feel the femoral pulse at the same time!

37
Q

On the left side of the thorax you can auscultate which valves?

A

P - pulmonary valve, most cranial
A - aortic valve, most dorsal
M - mitral valve, towards apex most caudal

38
Q

On the right side of the thorax you can auscultate which valves?

A

T - tricuspid valve

39
Q

Thoracic auscultation for respiratory sounds.

A

Divide the thorax into 4 areas each side.

Pathological sounds:
- Increased lung sounds
- Wheezes
- Crackles
- Decreased lung sounds:
Dorsally → pneumothorax
Ventrally → pleural effusions

Assess whether sounds on inspiratory or expiratory phase.

Larynx - isolate upper airway sounds.

40
Q

Abdominal palpation.

A

Use gentle but firm pressure, both hands, move dorsal to ventral and cranial to caudal.

Avoid the spine - back pain vs abdominal pain.

Pain/discomfort + localization.
Is the abdomen soft, firm/tense, hard.

41
Q

Palpable abdominal organs vs. Non-palpable organs (when normal/healthy):

A

Palpable organs:
- Intestines with Fecal matter, foreign bodies, neoplasia.
- Bladder (if full)
- Kidneys (cats)

Non-palpable organs when normal:
Liver, pancreas, stomach, spleen, adrenal glands, uterus.

42
Q

Normal temps in
Dogs
Cats

A

Dogs - 37,5 – 39,1℃
Cats - 37,8 – 39,1℃

Take into consideration fear, anxiety, stress.
And Hyperthermia vs pyrexia.

43
Q

Rectal palpation for what types of patients? (3)

A

Older intact males,
males with urinary problems,
all patients with defecation problems.

44
Q

A normal Prostate on palpation:

A

Normal - symmetrical, two lobes, nonpainful.

In Large dogs they may be non-palpable.

Clinical lab diagnostics of small animals (8 decks)

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