history of zoos Flashcards
1
Q
1st generation zoo
A
- animals on the inside, public on the outside
- animals visibly contained (bars, cages etc)
- no attempt at landscaping
2
Q
2nd generation zoo
A
- development of landscaped enclosures
- ‘invisible’ barriers championed by carl hagenbeck, founder of hamburg zoo
3
Q
3rd generation
A
- animals in social groupings
- climate and planting and public in the same place
- fully immersive and animals moving freely
4
Q
4th generation
A
- a whole zone of immersion
- adoption of ‘one plan approach’
5
Q
menagerie
A
- living natural history cabinet
- collection of live animals
- theme → taxonomic
- subjects → diversity of species, adaptations for life
- concerns → species husbandry, species propagation (breeding)
- exhibitory → cages
6
Q
zoological park
A
- living museum
- theme → ecological
- subjects → habitats of animals, behavioural biology
- concerns → cooperative species management, progressive development
- exhibitory → dioramas (replication of natural habitat in enclosure alone)
7
Q
conservation centre
A
- environmental resource centre
- theme → environmental
- subjects → ecosystems, survival of species
- concerns → holistic conservation, organisational networks
- exhibitory → immersion exhibits
8
Q
1490 bc
A
- pharaoh thutmose’s wife hatshepsut had a menagerie of animals from punt (modern day somalia)
- giraffes, leopards, monkeys
9
Q
700 bc - 400 ad
A
- keeping and displaying of exotic animals in the roman empire
- animals in gladiatorial contests are largely based off fantasy rather than fact
10
Q
1204 ad
A
- king John I was given many animal gifts that were kept in a menagerie in the tower of london
- the menagerie stayed for around 600 years
- from the eighteenth century, the public could gain entrance to see the 1st recorded lion in Britain, cheetahs, camels etc
- entry price → 3 half pence or a dog or cat to feed the lions + cheetahs
11
Q
1752 ad
A
- habsburg empire → holy roman emperor francis I built a personal menagerie
- still exists today as vienna zoo → longest running zoo in the world
- moving from menagerie to ‘zoological garden’ with more philanthropic ideals such as education and scientific enquiry
12
Q
1793 ad
A
- menagerie du jardin des plantes in paris was the first zoo to be scientifically and educationally orientated in its guiding principles
- still little habitat recreation
13
Q
1827 ad
A
- london zoo opened with similar ideals by the mid-1830s was allowing public entrance
- its popularity sparked a victorian fad for zoos → many were not so scientifically or educationally minded
14
Q
1930 ad
A
- chester zoo from as a zoo without bars
- george mottershead is inspired by experience of a visit to a horrible zoo in manchester in his youth
- ethically dubious practices such as pinioning birds’ wings still happened
