Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Horse Systems and Management > History of the Horse > Flashcards

History of the Horse Flashcards

1
Q

give the scientific name of the true horse

A

equus caballus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

give the zoological classification for horses

A

kingdom: animalia
phylum: chordata
class: mammalia
order: perissodactyla
family: equidae
genus: equus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does perissodactyla, the order of horses, mean?

A

odd number of toes; horses only have one toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the earliest forerunner of the present day horse?

A

eohippus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the eohippus, in general and give size

A

small, primitive horse, about 20 inches (approx one foot tall) or the size of a fox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many toes were on the front and hind feet of the eohippus?

A

front feet: four functional toes
hind feet: three toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do the teeth of the eohippus suggest about its diet versus modern horses?

A

teeth suggest was a browser as opposed to moder horse grazers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happened to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits of the eohippus as they became horses?

A

3rd digit became the moder hoof
2nd and 4th digits became splint bones (metacarpals 1 and 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what was the eohippus name changed to and why?

A

Hyracotherium, because looked like Hyrax rodent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when did the eohippis/hyracotherium version of the horse exist and where?

A

about 50 million years ago in europe and north america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what version of the horse came after the eohippus/hyracotherium and when did it exist? describe its size

A

mesohippus; existed 35 million years ago; about double the size of eohippus so 24 inches or 2 feet tall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the toes of the mesohippus

A

3 toes on the front feet with a strengthened central toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do the teeth of the mesohippus suggest about its diet?

A

teeth suggest was adapting to eat grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is another name for the mesohippus version of the horse?

A

miohippus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what version of the horse came after meso/miohippus, when did it exist, and where? describe its size

A

merychippus, existed 15-17 million years ago in North america; slightly larger than meso/miohippus at 35-40 inches tall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe what the teeth suggest about merychippus

A

developed grinding teeth; so adapted to grazing plains grasses and was the beginning of the grazing horse of today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the behavior of the merychippus version of the horse

A

increasingly gregarious, lived in herds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the toes of the merychippus (2)

A
  1. lateral toes were diminished and no longer reached the ground
  2. main toe thickened and hardened for traveling fast on dry ground
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what was the first “ruminant” verion of the horse and how do we know?

A

merychippus; its digestive tract changed as it diet changed to become hindgut fermenters as adapted to plains grasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why did the central toe of the merychippus harden and strengthen for fast travel on dry ground?

A

they lived in open plains so were subject to more predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what was a new feature of merychippus grinding teeth that is still observed today?

A

hipsadons; teeth keep growing and growing and must be ground down somehow

22
Q

what version of the horse came after the merychippus, when and where did it live, and what is it known as (2)?

A

pliohippus; known as the first true monodactyl and the final model of the horse in north america, 5-10 million years ago

23
Q

what did the hoof of the pliohippus evolve from?

A

continued over-development of the middle toe

24
Q

where did the pliohippus spread? (4)

A
  1. south america
  2. asia
  3. europe
  4. africa
25
Q

when was the final evolutionary stage of Equus observed?

A

2 million years ago, after pliohippus

26
Q

give the order of the evolutionary stages of the horse (5)

A
  1. eohippus/hyracotherium
  2. meso/miohippus
  3. merychippus
  4. pliohippus
  5. equus
27
Q

give the order of heights in meters of each evolutionary stage of the horse

A
  1. eohippus/hyracotherium: 0.4 meters
  2. meso/miohippus: 0.6 meters
  3. merychippus: 1.0meters
  4. pliohippus: 1.0 meters
  5. equus: 1.6 meters
28
Q

describe the toes of each evolutionary stage of the horse

A
  1. eohippus/hyracotherium: 4-toed hoof, well spread for walking on the ground
  2. meso/miohippus: three toes, one toe lost for moving faster over dry groung
  3. merychippus: middle toe developed into a hoof to run faster
  4. pliohippus: other toes lost as only middle hoof used
  5. equus: single hoof runs quickly over hard ground
29
Q

describe the head shape change as horses moved throuh evolutionary stages

A

as teeth changed, skull elongated

30
Q

what happened to horses 8,000 years ago and why?

A

equus became extinct in the western hemisphere; no one knows why

31
Q

when did horses return to the wester hemisphere?

A

when spanish brought horses to the new world in the 1400’s

32
Q

why do animals change evolutionarily?

A

because their environment changes

33
Q

do all evolutionary changes occur at the same time? what does the order of changes depend on?

A

nope; depends on ecological pressure

34
Q

what other species of Equus developed along with the horse? (2)

A
  1. zebras
  2. donkeys
35
Q

what 4 major changes occured in the horse from hyracotherium/eohippus to Equus?

A
  1. reduced number of toes
  2. increased size of cheek teeth
  3. lengthening of face
  4. increase in body size
36
Q

what is the oldest species of horse still in existence?

A

Przewalski’s horse

37
Q

when and where were Przewalski’s horses discovered and by who?

A

discovered in Mongolia in 1879 by a Russian Captain (Przewalski)

38
Q

describe Przewalski’s horses (height, color)

A

12-14 hands; short, upright mane; Dun color, so dark dorsal stripe and dark legs

39
Q

when did domestication of the hrose occur?

A

5,000-6,000 years ago

40
Q

before domestication what were horses used for and how?

A

hunted for food by running them until fatigued enough to catch and kill

41
Q

how did domestication of horses begin? (3)

A
  1. tame horses were kept for food
  2. then later used a pack animals until
  3. the first horsesw were used as draft animals in 3000-2000 BC
42
Q

when were yokes and bits developed?

A

1500BC

43
Q

what is a yoke?

A

a big loop on top of the horse that had reins to attach the horse to whatever it was hauling

44
Q

what is a snaffle?

A

a type of bit

45
Q

what are the two types of snaffles? how do they work to steer the horse?

A
  1. snaffle bit: uses direct pressure
  2. curb bit: uses leverage, is a harsher bit than the snaffle
46
Q

when was cavalry first developed? what was it super important for

A

1,000BC; was super important for the Roman army, which existed from the time of Christ to 450 AD

47
Q

during what period and when use of horses on a large scale in agriculture begin?

A

in the middle ages, from 476-1450AD

48
Q

what is the phrase Tally Ho used for today?

A

fox hunting

49
Q

what did the phrase Tally Ho originate from? what was it used for and when?

A

Ty a Hilluat; used to warn deer hunters that deer had been roused and the hunt could begin; began when William the Conqueror brought deer hunting to Englad in 1066

50
Q

what and when was the renaissance?

A

a time of rebirth with a zeal for discovery from 1450-1650

51
Q

what 3 things happened regarding horses during the renaissance?

A
  1. scientific study of the anatomy of the horse
  2. training horses became a discplined art
  3. horses assumed a more prominent role in the transportation of goods and people

Horse Systems and Management (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions