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Horse Systems and Management > Endoparasites pt. 2 > Flashcards

Endoparasites pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

give an example of a threadworm species and describe

A

strongyloide westeri; hair like parasites 8-9 mm (1/3 inch)

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2
Q

in what animals are stongyloides westeri most common?

A

foals 4-47 days old (up to 4 months old)

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3
Q

how do foals pick up strongyloides westeri? (2)

A
  1. ingest from dam udder (larvae in the milk)
  2. ingest from ground
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4
Q

how do mares pick up strongyloides westeri?

A

when grazing, they penetrate the mare’s tissue

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5
Q

can strongyloides westeri pass from one foal crop to another?

A

yes, somatic larvae can persis in the body tissue of a mare for years

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6
Q

in terms of strongyloides westeri, what kind of threat do mares pose to foals?

A

they serve as a persistent, perennial source for contamination to each foal crop as long as conditions are not too harsh

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7
Q

do mares carry open strongyloides infections that shed eggs?

A

nope; they just act as reservoirs

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8
Q

how do mares pass on strongyloides westeri infections? (2)

A
  1. can shed eggs in manure and pick up again while grazing
  2. when lactating, larvae migrate to the udder and foals can pick them up
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9
Q

what do ingested strongyloides westeri larvae stimulate in suckling foals? when does self cure begin and what can you do until then?

A

stimulate and immune response; self cure begins around 6 months of age but can manage infections with deworming until then

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10
Q

what do the strongyloides westeri eggs shed by foals contain?

A

infective stage larvae under favorable environmental conditions

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11
Q

what are favorable environmental conditions for strongyloides westeri larvae?

A

warm and damp

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12
Q

once ingested, or inside the horse, where do strongyloides westeri larvae go? what is their final destination and what do they do when they get there?

A

migrate to the lungs, up the trachea, and then are swallowed to reach the small intestine, where they will continue to mature until the female starts laying eggs

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13
Q

how long is the strongyloides westeri life cycle?

A

2 weeks

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14
Q

what are the most common clinical signs of a strongyloides westeri infection in foals? (4)

A

diarrhea is most common, and then leads to weight loss, poor appetite, and dehydration

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15
Q

how is a strongyloides westeri infection diagnosed? is this a reliable method?

A

diagnosed with fecal float, but not always reliable because foal might not be shedding at time of sample collection

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16
Q

are stomach bots worms? if not what are they?

A

not worms, they are the larvae of the botfly Gasterophilus

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17
Q

where is the larval stage of gasterophilus found?

A

in the horse stomach

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18
Q

where/how do female gasterophilus botflies lay their eggs?

A

lay eggs by attaching them to the hairs of the horse, on the LEGS (mainly found), chest, barrel, and lip area

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19
Q

what stimulates the botfly eggs on the legs and other areas of horses to hatch?

A

lip action and warm salive as the horse licks itself

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20
Q

as the horse licks at the hatching eggs of botflies, what happens next?

A

larvae attach and burrow into the tongue and gums of the mouth

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21
Q

where do botfly larvae incubate and for how long?

A

incubate in the tongue and gums of the mouth for 3-4 weeks for growth and development

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22
Q

what happens after botfly larvae incubate in the tongue and gums of horses?

A

they are swallowed and attach to the lining of the stomach

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23
Q

how long do botfly larvae spend attached to the stomach lining of a horse? what happens after this period?

A

spend 9-10 months attached to the stomach lining before passing out with manure

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24
Q

what is caused by the attachment of botfly larvae to the stomach lining of horses? give general and then 4 specific

A

damage to stomach:
1. weakening of stomach lining
2. ulcers
3. abdominal distress and digestive disturbances
4. peritonitis if complete penetration

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25
Q

what is the margoplicatus? how does it relate to botflies?

A

it is the demarcation between the glandular and nonglandular stomach, and sometimes botfly larvae like to hang out along this line when attached to the stomach lining

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26
Q

what can happen as a result of botflies in the stomach lining relating to food?

A

can obstruct feed passage from stomach to the small intestine

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27
Q

what happens after botfly larvae pass out in manure?

A

they spend about 3 weeks burrowed in manure or soil as larvae pupate into adult flies

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28
Q

what does the length of the botfly life cycle depend on?

A

whether the parasite larvae are over-wintering in the stomach, and then passing out in the spring before developing into adult flies

29
Q

when are adult bot flies active?

A

from late spring to killing frost in the fall (May to October)

30
Q

when should you deworm against botflies?

A

when they are active: late spring to late fall

31
Q

how many generations of botflies are completed per year?

A

just one

32
Q

describe the life cycle of bot flies (3)

A
  1. indirect
  2. intermediate step outside of the host is required before reaching maturity (pregnant female depositing the eggs on the hair of the legs, chest, lips)
  3. horse must ingest the botfly larvae somehow to continue the cycle
33
Q

what are 2 clinical signs of an outward/botfly egg infection?

A
  1. yellowish egg cases attached to the horse in the summer and fall
  2. may be sores/ulcers in the mouth that can impair feed intake
34
Q

what is the fancy name for tapeworms?

A

anoplocephala

35
Q

in what age horse are tapeworms found?

A

all ages

36
Q

how many types of tapeworms are there? which is most common in horse?

A

at least 3 types; anoplocephala perfoliata is most common in horses

37
Q

describe anoplocephala perfoliata tapeworms

A

pumpkin seed shaped with 4 suckers attached to the intestinal lining at the ileocecal junction

38
Q

how are tapeworm eggs passed? what are they then ingested by?

A

passed in manure; ingested by oribatid mites

39
Q

what is the intermediate host in the tapeworm life cycle?

A

oribatid mites

40
Q

describe oribatid mites (2)

A
  1. ingest tapeworm eggs
  2. serve as hosts to developing tapeworms until cysticercoids mature in 2-4 months
41
Q

how do horses pick up tapeworm-infected oribatid mites?

A

eat them while grazing

42
Q

what happens once tapeworm-infected oribatid mites are ingested while horses are grazing?

A

the larvae travel to the ileum, then attach at the ileocecal junction

43
Q

after traveling to the ileocecal junction, how long do tapeworm larave take to mature?

A

reach maturity in 6-10 weeks

44
Q

where are populations of oribatid mites found? where are they more common?

A

the mites are found in low-lying, wet pastures and are more common in areas that have been overgrazed

45
Q

what increases the potential for tapeworm transmission via oribatid mites?

A

wet weather and overgrazing

46
Q

other than a fecal float, what are 2 other methods for diagnosing tapeworms?

A
  1. blood test for specific tapeworm protein antibodies
  2. a saliva-based ELISA, which came out in 2016 and is used in the UK
47
Q

where are the highest levels of infestation/what horse populations are most susceptible to tapeworms? (2) why?

A
  1. young horses between 6 months and 2 years old
  2. horses older than 15 years;
    because these horses spend more time on pastures and have weaker immune systems
48
Q

what are small strongyles called? how many species are there? where are they found? do they migrate?

A

cyathostomes; over 40 species; reside in the intestines with no migratory path

49
Q

what is tricky about small strongyles and why is this?

A

they are difficult for the immune system to defend due to their encapsulation

50
Q

how do small strongyle larvae get into the horse?

A

the laarvae are swallowed from vegetation or grass

51
Q

what happens after small strongyles are ingested? (3)

A
  1. they invade the mucose of the large intestine
  2. then a tough capsule of scar tissue forms
  3. these cysts protect larvae from immune system and most dewormers until a good time comes for them to emerge and continue their life cycle
52
Q

how long can small strongyles remain encysted? what does length of time depend on?

A

for years; depends on the environment and also how many other small strongyles are already present; if too many, may not encyst because not enough room

53
Q

when do small strongyle cysts typically emerge?

A

in the spring, can tell it’s spring bc horse temp and diet change

54
Q

what do encysted small strongyles do? where are they mainly located?

A

enter a period of dormancy where they continue to develop, mainly in the large colon

55
Q

what will eventually happen to all small strongyles and where?

A

they will all eventually morph into adults in the lumen of the GI tract

56
Q

how many eggs can be produced in a horse per day by an entire small strongyle population? what is this due to?

A

can produce over several million eggs/day; due to synchronous emergence from many cysts

57
Q

what symptoms are caused by a population of small strongyles in a horse, generally/encysted state? (4)

A
  1. irritate intestinal tissue
  2. diarrhea
  3. weight loss
  4. anemia
58
Q

what is larval cyathostominosis? what symptoms can it cause? (5)

A

synchronous emergence of many small strongyle larvae
1. sudden onset diarrhea
2. impaired gut motility
3. weakness
4. muscle wasting
5. serious colic

59
Q

what is a fancy name for dewormers?

A

antihelmintics

60
Q

what are the 4 major classes of antihelmintics?

A
  1. benzimidazoles
  2. macrocylic lactones
  3. tetrahydropurimidines
  4. isoquinolines
61
Q

what aare the 2 ways in which antihelmintics must work?

A

either by
1. interfering with energy/nutrient metabolism
2. or nervous system of parasite

62
Q

what is one type of benzimidazole? give two brands

A

fenbendazole
1. panacur
2. safe-guard

63
Q

what are two types of macrocyclic lactones? give an example of each

A
  1. avermectins: ivermectin
  2. melbemycins: moxidectin (Quest)
64
Q

what is a type of tetrahydropurimidine? give an example

A

pyrantel pamoate; strongid

65
Q

what is a type of isoquinoline? give an example

A

praziquantel; zimecterin gold

66
Q

how do you deworm tapeworms? (2 methods)

A
  1. double dose of pyrantel (Strongid) or
  2. praziquantel
67
Q

how do you deworm bots? (2)

A
  1. ivermectin or
  2. moxidectin
68
Q

how do you deworm encysted small strongyles? (2)

A
  1. moxidectin or
  2. a 5 day panacur powerpack
69
Q

how often should you deworm your horse?

A

depends on the horse and the parasite load; use fecal egg count to determine highest shedders if you can

Horse Systems and Management (18 decks)

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