History of Sport

Question 1

What are socio-cultural factors in relation to the history of sport?

Answer 1

The way in which our community has impacted developments in sport over time

Question 2

Define pre-industrial Britain
(2 points)

Answer 2

-Period in history before the industrial revolution
-pre 1850

Question 3

What are the “mob games”?
(4 points)

Answer 3

-played by peasants
-played between villages
-usually football/ruby like
-physical force used
-little skill
-mass numbers
-occasional- bank holidays for example

Question 4

What are the socio-cultural factors causing people to play in the mob games?

Answer 4

-everyone got involved
-sense of belonging

Question 5

Give three examples of upper class sports

Answer 5

-Cockfighting
-Tennis
-Foxhunting

Question 6

What is cock fighting

Answer 6

-14ft square with 2 male chickens
-fight to death
-sometimes metal spikes put on the feet of the cocks
-upper class would bet large sums of money
-made illegal in 1849

Question 7

What is pedestrianism?

Answer 7

-lower class people would compete in walking races
-upper class people would back/sponsor them to make money
-often the ‘footmen’ that competed

Question 8

What were the two types of cricketer
also which class(es) played cricket

Answer 8

amateur and lower class professionals
both the upper and lower class people played cricket

Question 9

What is the acronym used to remember the factors affecting participation
and what are they?

Answer 9

METALS
Money
Education and literacy
Time
Availability
Law and order
Social Class

Question 10

Define:
-Amateur
-Professional

Answer 10

-Amateur- to not need to be paid to play, usually upper and eventually middle class people.
-Professional- needed to be paid to play. Lower class people who excelled at their sport.

Question 11

Did amateurs and professionals sometimes play on the same team?
How were the poor treated?
[3 marks]

Answer 11

Yes
-Forced to use different changing rooms
-Professionals had to do dirty jobs such as cleaning the kits

Question 12

What was the woman’s role in this time period?

Answer 12

To marry and have children and to support the man

Question 13

Which classes were the ones developing the rules?
Give one example of a sport that they banned.

Answer 13

Middle and Upper class

Cock fighting
Mob games

Question 14

What was the impact of railways in post 1850s sports?
give three points

Answer 14

-bigger crowds
-better players can move to better teams
-teams can tour the country

Question 15

What were Public Schools in this time period (including which classes went to these schools)?
Give 3 examples of these schools.

Answer 15

Only upper and middle classes went to public schools due to travel and tuition fees. Public actually meant that those who attended were not from that area.
Examples of schools:
-Eton
-Harrow
-Rugby
-Shrewsbury
-Westminster
-St Pauls
-Charterhouse
-Winchester

Question 16

Give 3 examples of characteristics of the Public schools.

Answer 16

-expensive
-boarding
-boys only
-harsh environment
-fee paying

Question 17

What day of the week was set aside for sports at public schools and why was it needed?

Answer 17

Wednesday.
-To prevent students causing mischief in what would usually be their free time.
-It provided structure to there day and kept them all in one place.
-It taught them teamwork, discipline, sportsmanship and organisation.

Question 18

What is Rationalisation?

Answer 18

The process of developing rules for a sport

Question 19

How did public schools influence sport in post 1850s industrial Britain?
[3 marks]

Answer 19

-They promoted sports and games as being important
-they promoted ethics through sports
-contributed to development of rules
-contributed to development of competitions
-Headmasters were well respected and influential people

Question 20

What is globalisation in relation to sport?

Answer 20

The process that involves sport as a worldwide business and features corporate brands, media coverage and freedom of movement (for players and officials).

Question 21

What is the golden triangle?

Answer 21

The relationship between sport, business and media.

Question 22

Give an example of the media buying into sport and how is it benefiting the sport?
[3 marks]

Answer 22

-Sky sports buying into the premier league.
-a more commercial edge has developed within the game
For example sponsored kits, grounds and balls as well as pkayer sponsorship. This means more money can be apent on facilities, players and equipment, improving overall performance.

Question 23

Give three issues to do with the commercialisation of sport.

Answer 23

-females underrepresented
-ethnic minorities underrepresented
-little media attention to tackling inequalities
-little attention to lower profile sports
-demands of sponsors on performers

Question 24

What is popular recreation?

Answer 24

The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.

Question 25

What acronym is used to list the negatives of the industrial revolution. And what are they?

Answer 25

H- poor Health
I- lack of Income
T- lack of Time
F- Facility provision lacking
O- overcrowding and lack of space
R- loss of Rights`

Question 26

What is urbanisation

Answer 26

Large numbers of people migrating to towns and cities from rural areas seeking regular work in the factories.

Question 27

What features of urbanisation contributed to the development of sport in this period?

Answer 27

Lack of space- This lead to the development of purpose-built facilities
Large working class population- Needs entertaining resulting in increased attendance at football and rugby games.
Loss of traditional sports- Many working class sports such as mob games were banned so there was a need for new sports to emerge.
Change in working conditions- Initially long working hours meant little free time to participate and watch sport so when this changed, participation numbers went up.

Question 28

How did the forming of the middle class positively impact the development of sport?

Answer 28

Due to the fact many of the middle class were self made individuals who had some empathy towards the lower class. One way they could improve the living conditions of the working class was an improvement in sporting provision.
Codification- the middle class took key roles in NGB’s
_they helped develop competitions
-they helped to develop public facilities
-As most factory owners were middle class they could increase the leisure time of there workers giving them more time to play sports. e.g half Saturdays
They also helped the development of professionalism by creating factory teams.

Question 29

Give three characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 29

• respectability (non-violent)
• regularly played
• stringent codification
• referees
• purpose built facilities
• skills/tactics based

Question 30

Give 5 socio-cultural factors which have lead to an increase in opportunity for women in sport.

Answer 30

-Equal opportunity (legally)
-Increase in media coverage
-More female role models
-More provision via PE
-Increased approval from the FA
-More clubs
-More funding
-More free time