History of Science Flashcards
This took place in the 16th and 17th centuries and was led by figures such as Francis Bacon, who employed the Scientific Method as a way to formally study nature, and by physicists such as Isaac Newton and Galileo.
Scientific Revolution
Italian-American physicist who created the Chicago Pile-1, the world’s first nuclear reactor
Enrico Fermi
This scientist determined pi by approximating the value as being greater than 223/71 and less than 22/7.
Archimedes
This German astrophysicist who published The Rudolphine Tables, which was a star catalog based on observational data by Tycho Brahe. He also formulated three laws for planetary motion.
Johannes Kepler
An agricultural scientist who developed the 300 uses for peanuts.
George Washington Carver
A chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose photographs made significant contributions to the
understanding of the double-helix structure of the DNA
Rosalind Franklin
His publication of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is believed to be the catalyst of the Science Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
Which scientists is best known for the development of the telegraph?
Samuel Morse
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a 17th century Dutch scientist known for his contributions to
which field?
Microbiology
Which scientist helped Watson and Crick to describe the DNA molecule,
which is vital to understanding cellular biology?
Rosalind Franklin
Jacques Cousteau is best known for his research in what field?
Oceanography
What was the most famous publication written by Charles Darwin?
On the Origin of Species
Hippocrates and Galen were ancient scientists best known for studying what?
Medicine
“Oh the humanity!” was famously cried by a radio announcer during a disaster that was
caused by what?
The use of flammable hydrogen gas in the airship
This scientist is famous for discovering calculus together with his German contemporary Gottfried Leibniz
Isaac Newton
A paper by this scientist proposed a new calculation for mean squared displacement
of particles. That paper on Brownian motion and another on mass-energy equivalence were
half of this man’s 1905 “Annus Mirabilis.” For the point, name this scientist who, in that same
year, published explanations of the photoelectric effect and special relativity.
Albert Einstein
One of these devices was codenamed D1, and was deployed at Flers-Courcelette
[[FLEHRS CORE-suh-lett]] in France. The Soviet T-34 type of these devices was first deployed
against the invading Germans in World War Two. The Battle of El Alamein debuted of one of
these devices with a fully rotating gun turret. The M4 Sherman was one type of, for the point,
what heavily armored military vehicles?
Tank
This man invented a mercury-fulminate-based blasting cap to reduce the need for
fuses. This owner of the arms manufacturer Bofors developed the use of nitroglycerin as an
active ingredient in explosives. For the point, name this Swedish chemist and inventor of
dynamite who lends his name to annual prizes awarded for literature, peace, and science.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
William Jenney constructed some of these things using the “Chicago skeleton”
method, employing curtain walls over a steel frame. Early examples of these places include one named for Equitable Life in New York and Louis Sullivan’s example named for Ellis Wainwright in St. Louis. The invention of the safety elevator enabled an 1890s boom in, for the point, what very tall office buildings?
Skyscraper
According to legend, this thinker built a robot copy of his daughter Francine after
she died of scarlet fever. Along with Snell, this thinker lends his name to the law of
refraction. This thinker founded analytic geometry by combining algebra with coordinate planes. This man lends his name to the most common two-dimensional coordinate system.
For the point, name this early modern French philosopher and mathematician, who stated “I think therefore I am.”
Descartes
Two scientists with this surname learned that compressing quartz leads to an
electric potential, discovering piezoelectricity. Work from those studies was used by a physicist with this surname to study the properties of uranium in pitchblende. Henri Becquerel and two people with this surname shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. For the point, give the last name of a physicist who won two Nobel Prizes for researching radioactivity and discovering Radium and Polonium.
Curie
This man invented the phonograph and an early projector known as the kinetoscope. This man controversially organized the killing of the elephant Topsy. This rival of George Westinghouse once employed Nikola Tesla at his Machine Works company. This Wizard of Menlo Park found a practical use for carbon lament that would later be replaced with tungsten. For the point, name this American inventor of the lightbulb.
Thomas Edison
Two linear partial differential equations named for this device describe the change in voltage and current during transmission. Charles Wheatstone and W.F. Cooke created an early version of the
needle system for this device. The single-wire version of this device was invented by Samuel Morse. For the point, name this early form of long-distance transmission of messages whose name is Greek for “far off
writing”
telegraph
Using only a heat source, one type of this device without movable parts was invented by Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein. This device uses a vapor compression cycle that runs through condensing, evaporating, and compressing phases. Working fluids that helped expand the use of these devices include chlorofluorocarbons like Freon. The icebox was replaced by, for the point, what household appliance that
keeps food cold?
Refrigerator
In 1883, John Augustus Roebling designed one of these structures as a cable-stay hybrid to provide extra support to the deck. The suspended span is supported by anchor arms in the balanced
cantilever variety of these structures. Akashi Kaikyo is the longest suspension variety of these structures. For the point, name these structures that include the international orange painted Golden Gate one in San Francisco.
Bridge
This U.S. state is home to the Hale Telescope, which was the world’s largest when it was constructed at this state’s Palomar Observatory. Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at a university in this state that won a Nobel Prize for discovering plutonium and uranium
under Glenn Seaborg. For the point, identify this U.S. state where Berkelium and a namesake element were discovered.
California
This person recorded their best known achievement in the journal 20 Hrs., 40 Min.. This person is the namesake of the scholarship fund awarded by a women’s organization known as the Ninety-Nines. This person was last seen traveling from New Guinea with navigator Fred Noonan. For the point, name this female aviator who disappeared in 1937.
Amelia Earhart
One of these structures was subject to a stress test at its opening by a team of
elephants led by P.T. Barnum. A poorly designed one of these structures nicknamed Galloping Gertie collapsed due to failure caused by resonance. Cantilever and suspension, are types of, for the point, what structures that Roman engineers designed to span the Danube and Tiber
Rivers?
Bridge
This company’s TDI technology creates more power while disbursing less fuel
and producing fewer emissions. This company lost half its board after the (+) CARB denied a proposed fix for vehicles with 2.0 liter engines. CEO Mark Winterkorn resigned from this company after certain vehicles produced 40 times more nitrogen oxide than during (*) emissions testing. For the points, name this German car company that produced the Beetle.
Volkswagen
This man ran a museum in Monaco that is blamed for releasing the invasive
species Caulerpa taxifolia [[kuh-LUR-puh TAX-ih-FOH-lee-uh]]. Loël (+) Guinness
leased this man a vessel with a “false nose” that sank in Singapore in 1996, the year before his death. This man, who often wore a red cap, is featured in the documentary (*) The Silent World. The Calypso was the research ship used by, for the points, what French oceanographer who co-invented a breathing device called the Aqua-lung?
Jacques Cousteau
This man listed 800 medical substances and outlined methods of “Special
Pathology” in a book that summarized Galen’s work titled (+) The Canon of Medicine. A book by this man, which introduced the “floating man” theory, incorporates early psychology and chemistry to cure the ignorance of the soul, titled The Book (*) of Healing. For the points, name this 11th-century Persian Islamic Golden Age polymath.
Avicenna (also accept Ibn Sina)
This Loss of Coolant Accident was rated a level seven on the International
Nuclear and Radiological Event scale, and was triggered by an earthquake. This
nuclear (+) disaster released roughly ten times less radiation than the accident at
Chernobyl and resulted in a full closure of an island (*) facility. For the points, name this 2011 nuclear reactor accident that took place in Japan after the Tōhoku tsunami and earthquake.
Fukushima Daiichi accident
Tube framing superseded the steel frame design of these structures, which were
pioneered by Fazlur Rahman Khan. These structures often make use of sky lobbies to expand service core via elevators. For the point, name these towering buildings that include the Burj Khalifa.
Skyscraper
An early mathematics textbook from this country that discussed bounding fields and proportions is titled The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The first seismometers were developed in this country, as well as the first compasses made of lodestone. Early blast furnaces were developed in this country by Du Shi. For the point, name this country, which
produced many technological developments during the Han Dynasty.
China
Heinrich Gerber is best known for a component used to make these structures,
which he invented. One type of these structures can be built using cantilevers and hinges. Elementary forced resonance is given as the reason for why two of these structures named for Tacoma Narrows collapsed in 1940. For the point, name these structures built over bodies of water, famous ones of which include London and Golden Gate.
Bridge
Napoleonic-era surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey mandated that ships use this
substance to sterilize when they did not have access to alcohol. The first known ingredients list for this substance can be found in the Wujing Zongyao [[WOO-JING ZONG-YOW]] of the Song Dynasty, and this substance was used to light fireworks prior to its military application. For the point, name this substance used to propel bullets in early firearms.
Gunpowder
Some of these objects are engineered at the Renton and Everett factories, where
parts like the fuselage and stabilizer are fused together with bolts. Bernoulli’s principle explains how lift is generated when air passes over a certain part of these objects. It’s not a helicopter, but for the point, name these class of vehicles that can fly, examples of which include the Airbus A380 and Boeing 787.
airplanes
This thinker was the first to note the color-changing camouflage of octopuses.
In On the Heavenly Spheres, this thinker claimed that the stars were suspended in an imperishable aether [[AY-ther]]. This (+) thinker posited the prime mover in his
Physics. The Nichomachean [[nih-koh-mah-KEE-an]] Ethics were written by, (*) for the point, what Greek philosopher who tutored Alexander the Great?
Aristotle
These periods involve paradigm shifts as described in Thomas Kuhn’s
[[KYOONS]] The Structure of [this sort of period]. Along with the Renaissance, one of these periods is held to have not been a radical break from the Middle Ages in the
“continuity thesis.” The publication of Copernicus’s theories is considered the
beginning of one of, for the point, what type of social era, which included the
development of modern biology and chemistry?
Scientific Revolution
In his book How to Live Longer and Feel Better, this scientist advocated taking
megadoses of vitamin C to prevent the common cold. This scientist outlined the
modern understanding of an atom’s tendency to attract shared electrons in his book The Nature of the Chemical Bond. The Nobel Prize in Peace and Chemistry were given to, for the point, what American scientist
Linus Pauling
