Biology Anatomy Flashcards
Type of fossilized ancient tree resin.
Amber
Type of cell that contains a nucleus.
Eukaryotic cell
Type of cell that doesn’t have a nucleus
Prokaryotic cell
Tropical bird known for their ability to imitate human speech.
Parrot
Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?
23
Type of tissue that comprises the skeletal system.
Bone
Type of plant that is able to reproduce by releasing spores from their fronds.
Ferns
Type of medical event in which blood is cut off from a portion of the heart.
Heart attack
These are composed of proteins and a single molecule of DNA, found within the nucleus of a cell.
Chromosomes
Order of sequence of organisms who feed on one another
Food chain
These cells are coated with a myelin sheath, which allows them to quickly transmit
action potentials. These cells are split into “sensory” and “motor” types and separated from
each other by synapses. For the point, name these signal-transmitting nerve cells, the basic
units of the nervous system. These are nerve cells which receive sensory input and send motor signals to the muscles
Neurons
Part of the body where two or more bones connect
Joint
A species of carnivorous dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period
Tyrannosaurus Rex
These multiply by infecting host cells with genetic material
Viruses
Organ of the circulatory system and the main organ in the cardiovascular system that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
Heart
Cell organelles that are commonly referred to as “the powerhouse of the cell”
Mitochondria
Flying insects that are attracted to light and genetically related to butterflies
Moths
Disease characterized by malignant tumors composed of cells growing and dividing at abnormal and uncontrollable rates
Cancer
Aquatic mammal that is the largest animal to have ever existed on Earth
Blue whale
A dinosaur whose name means “three-horned face”. These animals were hypothesized to be juvenile examples of the Torosaurus. These animals’ two species were the horridus and prorsus, and these animals were first thought to be an extinct type of bison. The Tyrannosaurus rex was likely the primary predator of, for the
point, what dinosaurs that may have defended themselves with their three horns?
Triceratops
An anabolic process in plants that converts sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This is the process that happens when plants use energy from sunlight to create food. This is the process that plants convert light into energy.
Photosynthesis
Macromolecules composed of long folded chains of amino acids
Proteins
Disease caused by the Plasmodium Protozoa which is transmitted to humans via mosquitoes. It is common in certain tropical regions of Africa, but not in the USA.
Malaria
Second period of the Mesozoic Era. During this period, megafauna such as the dinosaurs were the dominant life form on earth.
Jurassic period
Process that occurs when a cell replicates into two identical daughter cells, with each cell having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Mitosis
The organ that filters blood and produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder
Liver
An interaction between two organisms that are in close physical association. It has the forms of mutualism; commensalism; parasitism and competition.
Symbiosis
Form of symbiosis or biological interaction that involves two organisms benefiting from one another
Mutualism
Form of symbiosis where one species benefits from the other without harming them in the process
Commensalism
Form of symbiosis where one species harms another organism while also benefiting from them, (or in other words, when one benefits at the expense of the other organism.)
Parasitism
Type of symbiosis where two species compete for the same resources
Competition
This carries out code from DNA that is important for
the production of proteins.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
A species of carnivorous dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period
Tyrannosaurus Rex
How do virus multiply?
By infecting host cells with genetic material.
The function of this organ is to filter blood; produce urine; and remove wastes and excess fluid from the
body.
Kidney
Animals utilize this defense mechanism to disguise their appearances from predators.
camouflage
Eukaryotic cells contain this organelle; which is referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell.”
mitochondria
Type of seaweed that grows in large colonies called “forests” in the ocean. It is sensitive to ocean temperature rises
and is threatened by global warming.
Kelp
The longest bone in the body, also called the thigh bone.
Femur
A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from respiratory organs throughout the body.
Hemoglobin
A respiratory organ that is situated below the lungs and heart. It acts as a barrier between the chest and
the abdomen.
Diaphragm
A group of RNA viruses that can cause diseases such as SARS and COVID-19.
Coronaviruses
Also called “Drosophila melanogaster”, share 75% of their DNA with humans. Scientists like to observe them in
genetic studies since they have short generation times. The genome of this organism was completely sequenced in 2000, and the white-eyed mutation of this organism is often studied in introductory biology classes. This organism was used by Thomas Hunt Morgan to study heredity and sex-linked traits. For the point, name this common insect and model organism.
Fruit fly
An energy-storing molecule that fuels cellular activity.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Which chromosomes are involved in the sex determination of humans
and other organisms.
X and Y
A tissue in vascular plants which is responsible for transporting proteins, nutrients and sugar. This tissue is removed in a process called girdling. According to the pressure
flow hypothesis, this (+) tissue performs photosynthate partitioning by translocating carbon solutes. This tissue consists mainly of companion cells and sieve tube elements, which come from the meristem. Sap (*) is carried by, for the points, what vascular plant tissue that transports sugars and nutrients, as opposed to xylem that transports water and other water-soluble minerals?
Phloem
Tissue in vascular plants that transports water and other water-soluble minerals as opposed to phloem that transports nutrients and sugar.
Xylem
Cells that are able to self-renew and develop into different types of cells within the body.
Stem Cells
Technique used to make rapid copies of DNA segments.
Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)
An infectious lung disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis.
A series of chemicals that are used for communication between members of the same species.
Pheromones
A group of infraclass of mammals that often sport pouches that Kangaroos, opossums, bandicoots and wombats belong to
Marsupials
Spongy tissue located in the center of the bone cavity where bloodcells are produced.
Bone marrow
Animals whose body temperatures are dependent on their external environments, as they
cannot generate internal body heat on their own.
Cold-blodded
Biological study that deals with the defining and classification of organisms.
Taxonomy
Genus of early hominins that lived during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene; they are the closest known relatives of the Homo genus.
Australopithecus
This gastrointestinal infection that can be caused by amoebas, which are a type of protozoan.
Dysentery
Nearly all insects have these objects, which serve as sensors for touch and smell.
Antennae
All organisms have a scientific name, which consists of the genus name, followed by the species name. What is the scientific name for humans?
Homo sapiens
This is an extinct species which are our closest ancient human relative. They are an early hominid species that lived in Asia and Europe until 40,000 years ago.
Neanderthals
A loose grouping of single-celled organisms which have a nucleus.
Protozoans
Also known as boreal forests, are subarctic biomes characterized by thick coniferous forests.
Taiga
Cold, treeless biomes found mostly north of the taiga, and also on some mountain peaks
Tundra
A soft tissue responsible for the movement of the body.
Muscle
A hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. It is responsible for storing urine from the kidneys.
Bladder
A form of mobility using an animal’s two rear feet.
Bipedalism
This scientist discovered the antibiotic penicillin in 1928.
Alexander Fleming
Medicinal drugs used to fight bacterial infections.
Antibiotics
A gland in the neck that releases hormones that control metabolism.
Thyroid
A yellow powder produced by the stamen of a plant. It may be transported by insects and birds to the stigma of
flowers in a process called pollination.
Pollen
The process of transferring pollen from the anther of a plant to the stigma of another plant.
Pollination
A group of common, aquatic animals, many of whom belong to the vertebrate class Osteichthyes.
Fish
What part of the cell houses its genetic material, is the site of DNA replication and transcription and is the control center of the cell as well as the center of an atom?
Nucleus
Also known as adipose, a type of tissue that stores energy and accumulates in obesity.
Fat tissue
An organelle that is the site of protein synthesis within a cell.
Ribosome
The reproductive components of angiosperms, plants that contain seed-producing fruits.
Flowers
A steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands. It regulates the body’s blood sugar, though it is most associated with the stress response.
Cortisol
In this group, the first trophic level consists of autotrophs, which produce their own food.
Food chain
This organ of the human body consists of four chambers, with the top two chambers called the right and left atria and the lower two chambers called the right and left ventricles
Heart
Animals that lived in this period include the Triceratops and the Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Cretaceous period
The primary organ of the human body’s central nervous system, which processes sensory input. It is a complex organ that consists of four lobes that each play a different role in information processing.
Brain
A double-bilayer structure that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
plasma membrane
What term describes the habit of such animals as bears and rodents to lower their metabolic
activity and sleep for extended periods?
Hibernation
Which organ system in the human body includes the pancreas and the small intestine?
Digestive
Both phalanges and metatarsals can be found in what structures in humans?
Feet
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is made “rough” due to the presence of what other
organelle?
Ribosomes
What taxonomic division contains several classes within a common kingdom and comes between a kingdom and a class?
Phylum
Photosynthesis is the process that produces what “energy currency”?
Adenosine triphosphate
Hedgehogs, weasels, aardvark and giraffes would all be classified as which of the following?
Mammals
Sugars and starches are types of what nutrient?
Carbohydrates
The heart is a part of which of the body’s systems?
Circulatory system
Respiration occurs in which organ of the human body?
Lungs
Which term is used to describe all of the organisms and their surrounding physical
environment in a given location?
Ecosystem
Which genus of bacteria is often implicated in food poisoning?
Salmonella
Which component of blood is responsible for forming clots, and thus stopping bleeding?
Platelets
Which vitamin is found in high amounts in citrus fruits, and a lack of it can lead to scurvy?
Vitamin C
Which organelle is found at the edge of an animal cell?
Cell membrane
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane is known as what?
OSmosis
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
What optical instrument is best used to view the parts of a plant cell?
Microscope
If someone is described as lactose intolerant, which of the following foods would they have
difficulty digesting?
Milk
If you read the side of a cereal box, you may see the terms “Riboflavin,” “Niacin,” and
“Thiamin.” These are all types of what?
B Vitamins
A pregnant woman will soon the need the help of which type of professional?
Obstetrician
The Hylonomous was the earliest known member of this class,
which split off from birds around 65 million years ago. Members of this class of animal
are cold-blooded and usually covered in scutes or scales. For the point, name this class of
animals that includes turtles, lizards, and snakes.
Reptiles
The pistil and stamen are found within this structure, which also include sporangia for the distribution of spores. The only plants that possess these objects are angiosperms. For the point, name these colorful reproductive structures of certain
plants, also called blossoms.
Flowers
This molecule is rapidly copied in the lab technique PCR, and the enzyme helicase
splits this molecule before it is replicated by a polymerase. This molecule contains adenine,
cytosine, guanine, and thymine. For the point, name this double-helix structure that contains
genetic information.
DNA
Elevated levels of free fatty acids are a risk factor for resistance to this hormone. The
effect of this hormone is opposed by glucagon, and this hormone is released by beta cells in
the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. For the point, name this hormone involved in blood
sugar modulation, which is often taken by people with type 1 diabetes.
Insulin
A procedure known as CABG [[“Cabbage”]] is used to remove blockages in these
structures. Most of these structures carry oxygenated blood, and the largest one of these
structures is the aorta. A person’s pulse can be detected by feeling, for the point, what blood
vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a therapy developed for this
condition that was formerly known as shell shock. Flashbacks and recurring nightmares are
characteristic symptoms of this condition. For the point, name this psychological condition
caused by experiencing horrible events, commonly associated with soldiers.
PTSD (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder)
Fat is stored in the subcutaneous layer of this organ that makes up the integumentary system. Exocrine glands secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate this organ, which is the largest in the human body. The dermis and epidermis are layers of, for the point, what organ affected by eczema and acne?
Skin
The second part of this process begins with a carbon dioxide molecule combining
with RuBP to make a high-energy intermediate. Deciduous trees such as birches and maples
perform this process using an organelle known as the chloroplast. Chlorophyll molecules
absorb light in, for the point, what process in which plants use light energy to produce sugars?
Photosynthesis
This organelle’s semi-permeable structure allows smaller molecules to pass through
without assistance through either osmosis or diffusion. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain this organelle in a phospholipid bilayer form. For the point, name this organelle, the cellular boundary that protects the inner organelles.
Cell membrane
A “tree” variant of this animal is native to New Guinea, and that variety is the only
true arboreal macropod. Osphranter is a genus containing these animals, and that genus
contains the red species of this large mammal. For the point, name this Australian marsupial
and relative of the smaller wallaby.
Kangaroo
The Quechua used the Cinchona tree to fight this disease. An outbreak of this disease led to the founding of the CDC, and this disease was effectively ended in the U.S. by the introduction of DDT. American soldiers in the South Pacific
contracted, for the point, what disease that is spread by mosquitoes and named for the Spanish for “Bad Air?
Malaria
This technique’s first description in Ancient India was found in the Bower Manuscript,
which also mentioned Sushruta , the “Father of [this procedure].” The
Edwin Smith Papyrus describes procedures for this practice in Ancient Egypt, including the use of sutures. For the point, name this invasive medical technique that uses instruments to
treat a patient’s condition.
Surgery
This substance induces dysentery in its creators when produced from an aphid
byproduct. This substance’s low moisture content makes it inhospitable to microorganisms, which makes it the only known foodstuff to never spoil. Produced from stomach enzymes and stored in hexagonal wax combs, this is, for the point, what natural sweetener produced from nectar by bees?
Honey
Extant varieties of these animals include the screaming hairy and pink fairy types. In the southern United States, the nine-banded variety of these animals always give birth to identical quadruplets, and that species is the primary vector for leprosy. For the point, name these armored mammals, some of which can roll into a ball when scared.
Armadillo
Lichens consist of a fungus and one of these organisms living in a symbiotic
relationship. Ocean afforestation involves growing these organisms en masse, and rapid oxygen-depletion in the population of these organisms are known as their namesake “blooms.” Cyanobacteria and seaweed are types of, for the point, what often green marine protist organisms that float on water?
Algae
The Vaccinia virus is used to inoculate against this disease that was once harvested from the hands of milkmaids. British and American forces used this disease as a bioweapon via contaminated blankets, and the world’s first vaccines were produced by Edward Jenner
to prevent this disease. For the point, name this disease caused by Variola viruses, which was eradicated in the 1970s.
Smallpox
When these structures are “cultured,” they can be in suspension or adherent.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann developed a theory of these structures which has three tenets. A “cycle” named for these structures includes steps like G2, S, and M. These structures possess an outer “wall” and membrane in plants but only a membrane in animals.
For the point, name these building blocks of life which contain organelles.
Cells
In a pathway in this organelle, cyanide can bind to complex IV and lead to
asphyxia. They’re not chloroplasts, but it is believed that these organelles arose from the endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic cell and aerobic bacteria. People derive these organelles from egg cells, so DNA passed down through them is maternal. For the point, name this organelle in which most of the body’s ATP is generated, leading to its nickname, the “powerhouse of the cell.”
Mitochondria
The centimorgan unit maps loci on these structures, consisting of p and q arms.
Crossing over occurs between homologous pairs of these structures. A karyotype can show the diploid number of these, 46 in humans, as well as the presence of three of number 21 in
a Down syndrome patient. Lining up along the equator during the metaphase of mitosis, for the point, what are these DNA structures?
Chromosomes
The earliest variety of this technology involved injecting mice or rabbits with the
subject’s bodily fluids. Another early example of this technology was based on observing whether Xenopus frogs ovulated after receiving an injection. This technology works by measuring human chorionic gonadotropin in a urine sample. For the point, name these devices which indicate whether a woman is carrying a fetus.
Pregnancy test
Drugs that treat a disease caused by this virus include enfuvirtide and lamivudine. This virus of the Lentivirus genus may
present with Kaposi’s sarcoma. X4R5 is a subtype of this virus which can use both CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors to enter the cell. The drug zidovudine [[zai-DOH-vyoo-deen]], or AZT, reduces activity of the reverse transcriptase of this virus which infects helper T-cells. For the point, name this retrovirus which causes AIDS.
HIV (or human immunodeficiency virus)
An assumption of this theory is that differential fitness is heritable, and the main proponent of this theory was influenced by Malthus. Analogous structures are created in the
convergent form of this process, and genetic variation is a pre-requisite for this process to occur. Theorized to occur via natural selection, for the point, what is this theory about inherited changes in populations over time which was put forward by Charles Darwin?
Evolution
Hyperhidrosis of this organ can be treated with the microwave MiraDry technique.
An early symptom of leprosy is loss of pain sensation in this organ. The urticating hairs of some caterpillars irritate the eyes as well as this organ. Scabies mites attack the epidermal layers of this organ in which bacterial infection of sebaceous glands causes acne. The pigment melanin gives color to, for the point, what exterior human organ which produces
sweat?
Skin
Types of this molecule called “si” and “mi” are used in “interference” experiments. A
type of this molecule can be “charged” with the enzyme aaRS and has a “cloverleaf” shape. The secondary structure of this molecule can exhibit “wobble,” and the “messenger” type of
this molecule contains codons. This uracil-containing molecule is translated into protein by ribosomes. For the point, name this single-stranded nucleic acid contrasted with DNA.
RNA (or Ribonucleic acid)
Complications with this organ are typically seen in patients presenting Levines sign.
Bachmans bundles and Purkinje bers depolarize this organ. This organ produces the signal for the QRS complex on an EKG. This organ is divided into four chambers known as atria and ventricles. For the point, name this cardiovascular organ that pumps blood through the body
Heart
The fixed action patterns of aggression in some of these animals were studied by Niko Tinbergen. One of these vertebrates was first cloned by George Streisinger. These non-mammals include
the stickleback and one named for its zebra pattern along its scales. For the point, name these water breathing animals that include trout and salmon.
Fish
This theory can help explain adaptive radiation as the filling of various niches. This theory was formulated in part from observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands. The formulator of this theory
referred to it as descent with modification and outlined his discoveries in On the Origin of Species. Natural selection is an important mechanism in this theory. For the point, name this theory formulated
by Charles Darwin.
Evolution
An experiment using this organism compared the ratio of nitrogen 14 and nitrogen 15 in DNA. This organism was used by Meselson and Stahl to show that DNA replication was semi-conservative. This organism is infected by lambda phage. Outbreaks of this bacteria are usually caused by the O157:H7 strain. For the point, name this rod-shaped gut-residing bacteria from the Escherichia.
E. coli
This organelle is the site of the Q cycle named for Coenzyme Q10. When cytochrome c is released from this organelle, apoptosis is initiated in the cell. This organelles matrix is separated from
the intermembrane space by folds called cristae, which increase surface area for the electron transport chain. For the point, name this primary factory of ATP synthesis that is affectionately known as the
powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
Just below the upper surface of this structure is the palisade layer, which typically lies above the spongy layer. A waxy cuticle minimizes water loss from this structure. This structure contains tiny
holes for gas exchange called stomata. This plant organ is specialized for photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll, which makes it green. For the point, name this plant structure that changes color and falls off
trees in autumn.
Leaf
This materials hachimoji variant has enhanced storage capability. This material can be cut using cas9. Topoisomerase corrects for supercoiling in this material. Its namesake polymerase attaches
after helicase unzips it. This material is wrapped around histones in chromosomes. It is made up of
four bases adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. For the point, name this genetic material which is transcribed into RNA.
DNA
Bernice Eddy discovered that millions of people were injected with cancer-causing monkey cells from vaccines that targeted this disease. Vaccines for this disease were created by Albert Sabin and Jonas Salk. Franklin Delano Roosevelt suffered from, for the point, what disease that causes infantile paralysis?
Polio
In this organ, vasopressin can stimulate reabsorption of water from collecting ducts. Fluid that enters this organ difuses from the glomerulus to a surrounding Bowmans capsule. Ions are absorbed
by this organs Loops of Henle, which are found in thousands of functional units called nephrons. The ureters connect these organs to the bladder. For the point, identify these bean-shaped organs that filter blood to produce urine.
Kidney
The replication of this molecule is semi-conservative and it is transcribed in the first step of the Central Dogma. It is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone and a sequence of nucleotide
base-pairs formed from adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Rosalind Franklin originally discovered this molecules double-helix structure which was then published by Watson and Crick. For the point, name this molecule that stores information in the genetic code
DNA
Some species of cuckoo birds participate in the brood form of this relationship by laying eggs in other birds nests. Helminths and protozoa can cause diseases by establishing this relationship. This
relationship is defined as one species benefiting at the expense of another species. For the point, name this
relationship which fleas, ticks, and tape worms participate in.
Parasitism
In this structures inner membrane, electrons are passed from ubiquinone to cytochrome c to power oxidative phosphorylation. This organelle contains a circular maternally-inherited genome.
Oxaloacetate combines with acetyl-CoA to begin the citric acid cycle in this organelle, which has folds called cristae. FtP, name this eukaryotic organelle that generates ATP, the powerhouse of the cell.
mitochondria
Gaps in this structure are called plasmodesmata. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in this structure, and in fungi it is composed of chitin. Cellulose is the main protein that makes up this tough
structure in plants which gives them their rigidity. For the point, name this structure that surrounds the cell membrane that is not found in animal cells.
Cell wall
In infants, this structure contains soft fontanelles that allow the calvaria to expand. The sagittal suture bisects this structure, which contains a hole at its base called the foramen magnum. This
structures zygomatic bone articulates with the maxilla to form the floor of the orbital cavity. One division of the trigeminal nerve in this structure runs along the mandible, or jawbone. For the point, name this bony structure that houses the brain.
Skull
Pepsinogen in this organ becomes active after hydrochloric acid is secreted into this organ. Ulcers in this organ can be caused by infections of Helicobacter Pylori. The chyme produced in this organ
is fed to the duodenum of the small intestine. For the point, name this organ between the esophagus and
the small intestine that secretes gastric acid to digest food.
stomach
These pathogens are classified using the Baltimore classification scheme, and their name comes from the Latin for poison. These infectious agents are known as phages when they infect bacteria,
and it is still debated whether they can be classified as living organisms. For the point, name these infectious agents that include Hepatitis and Ebola which overtake a hosts molecular machinery to create
copies of their own genome.
Virus
These phenomena are the most common disorders treated with split-brain
procedures. The febrile type of these phenomena occur in children with high fevers. Muscle spasms and unconsciousness typify a type of this phenomenon known as grand mal. For the
point, name these convulsion events, the defining characteristic of epilepsy.
Seizure
This class of animals vocalizes through the use of a syrinx which can produce
especially variable sounds in mynahs and conures. Members of this class of animals have four-chambered hearts and, though warm-blooded, are descended from dinosaurs. For the point, name this general class of vertebrates whose bones are typically hollow to enable flight.
Bird
This molecule is silenced by proteins in the Argonaute family. Micro and small
interfering variants of this molecule are noncoding, and one type of this molecule links amino acids to form proteins. Ribosomal, messenger, and transfer are types of, for the point, what single-stranded nucleic acid that does not contain deoxyribose?
RNA
Serum is a colorless component of this substance. An inability of the body to perform that process within this substance can result in hemophilia. Clotting is a process that takes place in, for the point, what substance within the human body composed of cells and plasma that is classified in types such as O negative?
Blood
Neurobiological models of these phenomena include the activation-synthesis, and control is maintained in the lucid type of these phenomena. Sigmund Freud divided these occurrences into manifest and latent content in a book titled for their interpretation.
Associated with REM sleep, these are, for the point, what nighttime occurrences, terrifying varieties of which are called nightmares?
Dream
A condition affecting this organ is named for physician Norman Barrett. Another
condition of this organ can be prevented with H2 receptor or proton pump inhibitors and by avoiding spicy foods. Stomach acid enters this organ in acid reflux and GERD. For the point, identify this tubular organ that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
Esophagus
This substance is the primary prolactin inhibitory factor, and this substance is broken down by monoamine oxidase. Most production of this substance occurs in the substantia nigra, and this neurotransmitter is under-produced in Parkinson’s disease. For the point,
name this neurotransmitter that is central to the brain’s pleasure and reward systems.
Dopamine
An experiment on these subjects utilized a checkered carpet, a transparent glass table, and a ramp. That Visual Cliff experiment was conducted on these subjects, and another researcher hid toys from these subjects using a blanket to demonstrate their lack of object permanence. For the point, name these young humans used as research subjects by developmental psychologists.
Babies
This non-human animal is used to prepare tetanus antitoxin in much of the
developing world. Nikolai Przewalski names one species of this animal
whose leg length is a common textbook example of directional selection. Tiny Eohippus was an early ancestor of this animal, whose modern breeds include the Clydesdale. A close relative of zebras, for the point, what is this domesticated animal which can be saddled for riding?
Horse
This molecule is rapidly copied in the lab technique PCR, and the enzyme helicase
splits this molecule before it is replicated by a polymerase. This molecule contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. For the point, name this double-helix structure that contains
genetic information.
DNA
Members of this bacterial genus are classified based on their ability to lyse
blood cells in the Lancefield grouping. Infection by a member of this genus can cause (+) rheumatic fever if left untreated. Scarlet fever is caused by the pyogenes species of this genus, which leaves a white exudate on the (*) tonsils in an infection commonly detected by throat culture. For the points, name this genus of spherical bacteria that cause a namesake sore throat.
Strep throat
These structures secrete HIF-1 and VEGF to induce angiogenesis of a “leaky
vasculature”, and its surrounding microenvironment is commonly acidic due to the (+) Warburg effect. “Caretaker”, “gatekeeper”, and “landscaper” are the three categories of genes named for “suppressing” these structures which act in opposition to oncogenes. Proliferating through (*) blood vessels during metastasis, these are, for the
points, what masses of cancer cells that are classified as either benign or malignant?
Tumor
Entities named for these molecules have a subtype called caveolae [[KAH-vee
OH-leh]] that are flask-shaped. Ceramides [[SEH-ruh-midez]] are an example of the
“sphingo” [[SFIN-goh]] type of these molecules. (+) Microdomains enriched in
cholesterol are “rafts” named for these nonpolar molecules. The cell membrane
consists of a bilayer named for these hydrophobic molecules. The main components of living (*) cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and for the points, what biomolecules
synonymous with fats?
lipid
The dynamic of this structure is represented by the Singer-Nicolas model,
which explains how smaller (+) molecules can pass through this organelle without
assistance through osmosis or diffusion. The fluid mosaic model is a representation
of this organelle, which is present in both eukaryotes and (*) prokaryotes. For the
points, name this organelle that surrounds the cytoplasm and protects the inner
components of a cell from its environment?
Membrane
The fork-lined method is a tactic used to solve problems presented in these
diagrams. The ratio resulting from cases observing epistasis (+) are an exception to
one form of these diagrams which would normally constitute a 9:3:3:1 ratio. These
diagrams also outline the codominance relationship between the alleles of A and B
blood types. Monohybrid and (*) dihybrid crosses are used to visualize, for the points, what diagrams that outline the allele interaction of two parents to predict the phenotypic outcomes of an offspring?
Punnett Squares
Variations of these molecules include d5SICS and dNaM, which feature
aromatic rings rather than purine rings. These molecules participate in cell signaling to create cyclic (+) guanosine [[GWAH-noh-seen]] monosphate and cyclic adenosine [[ah-DEH-no-seen]] monosphate. Three subunits exist within these molecules, including a five-carbon sugar and guanine, adenine, (*) cytosine, or thymine. For the points, name these organic molecules, consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate, found in
DNA and RNA.
Nucleotide
A disorder that affects this organ includes a benign growth called the
arytenoid granuloma, while another results in the swelling of this organ caused by a gelatinous fluid in a disorder called (+) Reinke’s edema [[eh-DEH-mah]]. This organ, which is situated underneath the hyoid bone, becomes inflamed by a bacterial infection called croup, which also infects the bronchi and trachea. As the (*) epiglottis opens, air enters, for the points, what organ in the neck that houses vocal cords, also known as the voice box?
Larynx
Early signs of the Fournier’s type of this disease, also called necrotizing
fasciitis [[fah-shee-EYE-tiss]], include (+) pain and redness surrounding an infection
point. Various treatments for this disease include maggot therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and debridement. Sepsis and (*) amputation are complications of, for the points, what disease caused by a bacterial infection or inadequate blood supply that leads to tissue death, characterized by a change in skin color?
Gangrene
The accumulation of this molecule by macrophages triggers the formation of
foam cells seen in atherosclerosis. The Apolipo-protein (+) B100 test measures the
protein of the same name that is responsible for transporting this molecule
throughout the body. HDL and LDL are considered the good (*) and bad forms of, for the points, what important lipid in the body, a waxy substance found in blood that is essential to modulating the fluidity of the cell membrane?
Cholesterol
The acid-fast type of these substances is used to identify tuberculosis in
patient samples. Histologists often analyze biopsies using one of these substances
containing both (+) hematoxylin and eosin. One of these substances called crystal
violet binds to the bacterial cell wall in a technique named for Gram. Cells (*) can be visualized using, for the points, what substances that provide contrasting colors to a biological sample?
Stain
It’s not the pancreas, but this organ’s secretion of fluids can be regulated by
secretin. (+) Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells in this organ, which also
produces hydrochloric acid. Peristalsis moves matter through this organ after it is
received by the (*) esophagus. For the points, name this digestive organ in which food is broken down by acid and enzymes following chewing.
Stomach
The development of these structures can be represented with the ABC model.
They’re not fruits, but the presence of these structures differentiate (+) angiosperms from gymnosperms. Carpels and sepals are components of these structures. Movement of pollen from the anther to the stigma of these structures causes (*) pollination. For the points, name these reproductive organs of plants which contain petals.
Flower
Transfection is a technique used to introduce nucleic acids into these
structures, which were first discovered by Robert Hooke while looking under a
microscope. One (+) form of these structures is responsible for conducting impulses in the nervous system, while another helps transport oxygen around the body. These units are composed of (*) cytoplasm enclosed in a namesake membrane. For the points, name this smallest unit of biological life.
Cell
This molecule was first discovered by Frederich Miescher [[MEE-shuh]] in
1869 while studying the composition of white blood cells. Photo 51
(+) reveals information about the structure of this molecule that was first
photographed by a student of Rosalind Franklin. Typically abbreviated using a three letter (*) term, this is, for the points, what genetic material for which James Watson and Francis Crick won the 1962 Nobel Prize after discovering its double-helix structure?
DNA
Paget’s disease is a rare condition associated with this disease that causes
eczema-like changes to the skin. Recent research suggests that Mucin and (+) HER-2 are potential biomarkers for this disease that can be classified by its expression of
progesterone and estrogen receptors. The mutation of the BRCA1 gene increases the
risk for this disease, which can be treated through a (*) mastectomy. Mammograms can help detect, for the points, what disease that is the most common form of cancer in women worldwide?
Breast Cancer
This protein is transported to the nucleus by importin-9, and this protein is
anchored by vinculin to the cell membrane. This protein comes in globular (+) and filamentous types, and this protein, under the sliding filament theory, makes up thin filaments along with tropomyosin and troponin. In cell adhesion, (*) cadherins link to, for the points, what protein which is the primary component of microfilaments and is paired with myosin to facilitate muscle contraction?
Actin
This substance is found in specialized capillaries called lacteals. Lipid
particles called chylomicrons [[kye-LOH-mee-krons]] transport fats from the
intestines to the body using this substance, which drains into the left subclavian (+) vein from the thoracic duct. This clear to white substance consists mainly of interstitial fluid and cells such as T cells (*) and B cells. For the points, name this fluid found in namesake nodes in the head and neck that swell during infection.
lymph
Eighty-six of these structures were published by Robert Wiedersheim in the
book The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History, in which he mistakenly
included the pineal gland, since melatonin had not yet been discovered. Douglas (+)
Futuyma [[foo-TOY-muh]] argued that these structures are evidence of evolution, and some examples of them include the eyes of cave fish and the pelvic bones of snakes and whales. The wisdom teeth and tailbone (*) of humans are classic examples of, for the points, what “obsolete” parts of the body that no longer serve a purpose in its present form?
Vestigial Structures
The middle layer of this structure houses Purkinje [[per-KIN-jee]] cells, and
the first model to explicitly state this structure’s anatomy and function was based on a “teaching (+) signal” sent by a climbing fiber. Impairments to this region of the central nervous system can cause Huntington’s disease, as well as several forms of ataxia. Located underneath the (*) occipital and temporal lobes, this is, for the points, what region of the brain that is responsible for one’s motor learning and maintenance of balance?
Cerebellum
In collaboration with Starling Burgess and Isamu Noguchi, this person
designed and built prototypes of the Dymaxion Car. Biologists have drawn on this person’s architectural designs to explain the (+) icosahedral shape of many viruses. This man helped to popularize the concept of “Spaceship Earth” and established a field he called “synergetics.” A carbon (*) allotrope that comes in ball, tube, and onion varieties is named for this person. For the points, name this architect remembered for his geodesic domes.
Fuller
These cells were essential in the research of Harald zur Hausen in linking
human papillomavirus 18 with cervical cancer, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2008. These (+) cells were also essential in the
development of the polio vaccine, as scientists found that the poliovirus was able to (*) replicate in these cells. For the points, name these “immortal” cells used in medical research whose name derived from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks.
HeLa Cells
During World War Two, this scientist developed vaccines for diseases such as
sleeping sickness and dengue [[DEN-geh]] fever. This man suggested that a (+) certain virus cultivated in human intestines before attacking the central nervous system, based on his observation of the bodies of polio victims. Developing a “live” vaccine that rivaled the “dead” vaccine developed by Jonas (*) Salk, this is, for the points, what Polish-American scientist who developed the oral polio vaccine, effectively eradicating the disease?
Albert Sabin
Certain organisms use organs called halteres to assist in this phenomenon. A
behavior called WAIR, or inclined running, may explain the evolution of this
phenomenon. (+) Archaeopteryx was likely capable of this phenomenon, as was
Quetzalcoatlus. This phenomenon is divided into unpowered and powered forms, and the only (*) mammal to use this mode of locomotion are bats. For the points, name this behavior found in pterosaurs and birds.
Flying or Flight
One pathway of this process involves dimers of the protein Bax and Bak. TNF
alpha receptors can initiate this process upon binding by activation of death domain proteins. (+) Cytochrome c is released into the cytosol during this process, and caspase-9 causes the final destruction of the cell in this process. Blebbing (*) is a characteristic stage of, for the points, what process of programmed cell death, contrasted with necrosis?
Apoptosis
Members of this genus develop from trophozoites into schizonts, and then
burst into multiple merozoites to infect red blood cells. Tertian fever can be caused by both the (+) ovale and vivax species of this genus. Artemisinin and quinine are used to treat infections caused by the falciparum species of this parasitic genus, which is carried by the Anopheles (*) mosquito. For the points, name this genus of protozoa that causes malaria.
Plasmodium
The phenomenon of “marine snow” or “ocean dandruff” is caused by the
falling this material from the water column to the seafloor. In aquatic ecosystems,
this material is a source of nutrients for microbes living in the (+) benthic zone, and a standard example of a food chain named after this material on terrestrial ecosystems begins with dead leaves being eaten by a woodlouse, which is then eaten by a (*) blackbird. For the points, name this biological debris that is primarily made of decomposing plant and animal parts, including feces
Detritus
An increased risk of developing this condition has been associated with the
FOXD3 gene, as well as variations of the NLRP1 and (+) PTPN22 genes. This condition is classified as segmental or non-segmental, the latter of which can be further classified into focal, acrofacial, and mucosal. Michael (*) Jackson notably suffered from, for the points, what condition that occurs when the body stops producing melanin, leading to patchy discolorations of the skin?
Vitiligo
The Sleeping Beauty system uses one of these sequences to splice genes into
vertebrate chromosomes. LINEs, SINEs, and Alu elements are examples of the (+)
“retro” type of these sequences, which act though a “copy and paste” mechanism with an RNA intermediate. Barbara McClintock’s studies of corn led to the discovery of these “jumping (*) genes.” For the points, name these DNA sequences which can change their position within the genome.
transposon
In the G protein-coupled signal transduction pathway, this molecule is used by adenylyl cyclase to synthesize secondary messenger (+) cAMP. Large amounts of this molecule are synthesized during oxidative phosphorylation via a namesake synthase enzyme located in the (*) mitochondria. For the points, name this “energy currency” of the cell, a molecule consisting of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
ATP
This structure is sometimes referred to as Palade granules, which are
composed of RNA and ribonucleoprotein. Tetracycline blocks the aminoacyl-tRNA
and (+) peptidyl-tRNA during a process that takes place in this structure. This
structure is comprised of two subunits denoted as 30S in prokaryotes and 40S in
eukaryotes. Translation (*) occurs in, for the points, what protein-synthesizing organelle that resides in the nucleus and nucleolus and gives a form of endoplasmic reticulum its “rough” appearance?
Ribosome
According to Emery’s rule, the social form of this behavior is seen between
two closely related organisms, which is exhibited when the larvae of large blue
butterflies employ ant mimicry. Great (+) frigate birds stealing the prey of another
seabird and cuckoo bees laying in the nests of other bees exhibit the klepto- form of this behavior. The presence of tapeworms (*) inside a human’s intestines is a prime example of, for the points, what type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another?
Parasitism
A body part that allows some animals to perform this ability is the called the
melon, which is an area of the head made of adipose tissue. Although this ability is
primarily produced through the mouth, the (+) horseshoe variety of one species
perform this ability through their nostrils. Porpoises can evade orcas due to this
ability, which is produced at around 130 kilohertz. Produced at the same (*)
frequencies as an ultrasound, this is, for the points, what sensory ability used by bats and whales to help them navigate by sound?
Echolocation
In Tierra del Fuego, these structures have resulted in major losses in fauna
life. These structures are often designed to protect shelters called (+) lodges using
moats. These structures, which often result in excess nutrient removal, are anchored by branches pointing (*) upstream, making the animals that make them keystone species. For the points, name these structures created on streams by large rodents.
Beaver dam
This structure consists of various gyri [[JYE-RYE]], including the non
functional gyrus rectus located in this structure’s lateral portion. The functions of
this structure are measured by Wisconsin (+) Card Sorting and Token Tests, which
examine response inhibition and language, respectively. Injury to this lobe may lead to personality changes, as seen in Phineas (*) Gage after an iron rod severed this area of the brain. For the points, name this the largest lobe of the brain associated with problem solving?
Frontal Lobe
Class 2 transposable elements called P-elements were discovered in the genome of this organism that contains recessive traits such as vestigial wings and ebony bodies. Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered the white-eyed mutation in, for the point, what insect model organism whose scientific name is Drosophila Melanogaster
fruit fly
Michaelis–Menten[[mih-KAY-liss MEN-ten]] kinetics help explain the activity of
these molecules that can be activated or inhibited at their allosteric site. The “lock and key” model fails to explain the transition state that these molecules obtain when binding to a substrate at their active site. For the point, name these biological catalysts that help speed
up chemical reactions.
enzyme
Molecules tagged with mannose-6-phosphate are directed to the lysosome from this organelle that receives COPII [[cop-two]] transported proteins at its cis face. Membrane enclosed discs called cisternae are found in, for the point, what organelle that packages protein and lipid molecules into membrane-bound vesicles, often described as the “post
office” of a eukaryotic cell?
Golgi Apparatus
The wall of this structure often “bulges out” in people with Marfan syndrome. The
ascending and descending parts of this vessel are connected by its namesake arch. The semilunar valve named for this blood vessel connects it to the left ventricle. Blood is carried away from the heart by, for the point, what largest artery in humans?
Aorta
Description acceptable. S.E. Flanders suggested that this event was due to the influx of caterpillars and their tendency to eat a copious amount of plant material, leading to the animals central to this event starving. The K-T boundary was characterized by, for the point,
what event that is widely believed to have been caused by an asteroid impact, killing off an entire species of large reptiles nearly 65 million years ago?
Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Raymond Gosling, one of this scientist’s students at King’s College in London, was
responsible for taking Photo 51, an X-ray diffraction image of a paracrystalline gel
composed of DNA fiber. For the point, name this chemist whose influence and uncredited work on the structure of DNA led to her being called the “wronged heroine.”
Rosalind Franklin
The human genome contains 54 genes of this protein in which mutations of its gene
expression may cause Ichthyosis [[ik-thee-OH-sis]] bollusa of Siemens or Steatocystoma multiplex. The alpha type of this protein is characterized into two types, type I and type II, both of which make up a subunit dimer called the coiled coil. Claws, feathers, and scales are
made of, for the point, what fibrous protein that also make up human fingernails and hair?
Keratin
Some animals with this property have antifreeze proteins that prevents the growth of ice crystals. Animals with adaptations for this property include the African lungfish, which buries itself in the ground in preparation for hibernation. For the point, name this property in animals, such as amphibians and reptiles, that require regulation of body temperature based on its external environment
Ectotherms (accept Cold-blooded)
Members of this phylum possess a mantle that contains a large cavity for feeding
and excretion. Many members of this phylum possess a tongue-like structure called a radula. Cephalopods, gastropods, and bivalves belong to, for the point, what largest marine phylum of invertebrates that includes clams and snails?
Mollusca
The first complete map of one of these things for a eukaryote was created for
Baker’s yeast. James Watson led a project that used high-throughput sequencing to map these things for Homo sapiens. For the point, what term refers to the entire genetic sequence of an organism?
Genome
This scientist coined the terms “dominant” and “recessive” for the expression of
traits and developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment. For the point, name this scientist whose experiments on pea plants provided the foundation of genetics.
Gregor Mendel
The scaphoid, pisiform, and hamate are among the eight bones found in this
ellipsoid joint, which attaches to both the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments. Repeated compression of the median nerve that passes through this joint causes carpal tunnel syndrome. For the point, name this joint that connects the arm to the hand.
Wrist
The Baltimore system is used to classify these entities, which typically replicate
using the lytic [[lih-tik]] or lysogenic cycle. Reverse transcriptase is used by the “retro” type of these infectious agents, which require host cells to reproduce. Bacteriophages [[bak-TEEree-oh-FAY-juz]] are a type of, for the point, what pathogens that can cause Ebola, chicken
pox, and the flu?
Virus
This scientist found that nothing would grow in nutrient broth unless it was
exposed to the air, thereby rejecting the theory of spontaneous generation and providing evidence for germ theory. For the point, name this French chemist and microbiologist, who developed a namesake process of heating certain foods and beverages to destroy pathogens.
Louis Pasteur
The “great” [this phenomenon] is exhibited by wildebeests, and the Sierra Madre
Mountains in Mexico is the target destination of monarch butterflies after performing this 3,000-mile phenomenon from Canada. For the point, name this phenomenon animals exhibit when they move to another location in response to a change in their environment
Migration
Simon Baron-Cohen conducted the “Sally-Anne test” on children with this condition
and proposed that people with it have “extreme male brain.” Researchers have mostly rejected the theory that this condition is caused by “broken” mirror neurons. People with this disorder often struggle to respond to cues for joint attention and can be non-verbal. For
the point, name this disorder characterized by difficulty in communication, whose forms
include Asperger’s.
Autism
Hormones such as jasmonates and indole-3-acetic acid mediate the coiling action
exhibited by tendrils which have adhesive pads that assist this plant in climbing. Grapes grow on, for the point, what long, nonwoody plants that use neighboring plants and structures for support?
Vine
The preliminary stages of using this device see the administration of either a CQT or
a GKT. “General state” and “specific point” are two countermeasures of this device, the latter of which may include physical measures such as pinching one’s own skin or biting one’s own tongue. A person’s skin conductance response, respiration, and heart rate are measured in, for the point, what device, typically used by law enforcement to assess a person’s truthfulness based on their answers to a series of questions?
Polygraph Test (or Lie Detector Test)
Synapsis is the physical pairing of these structures with two arms labeled “p” and
“q.” Spindle fibers attach to these structures at the kinetochore, which assembles onto the centromere during mitosis. Human diploid cells have 23 pairs of, for the point, what structures containing densely packed DNA?
Chromosomes
The Law of Dynamic Polarization in these cells was formulated by Santiago Cajal
[[kah-HALL]], who advanced the idea that these cells are the functional units of the nervous system. Schwann cells, axons, and dendrites are parts of, for the point, what cells in the body that send and receive electrical and chemical signals?
Neuron
The young of these animals are called crias, and their enameled teeth differentiate these vertebrates from the similar vicuña. The ccara and tapada are breeds of this relative of the guanaco with wool of varying thickness. This animal is the largest camelid in the Western Hemisphere. For the point, name these domesticated pack animals of South
America, a larger cousin of the alpaca.
Llama
An 1859 work that advanced this theory rejected the conclusions of William Paley’s
Natural Theology. The idea of giraffes stretching their necks to reach high leaves was a faulty explanation of this theory by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. For the point, name this theory of “descent with modification,” which was proposed by Charles Darwin through natural selection.
Evolution
Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering an enzyme that
could synthesize this molecule. Recent studies have shown that the “micro” variety of this molecule plays a role in regulating cancer metabolism. Examples of this molecule include its “heterogenous nuclear”, “transfer”, and “messenger” varieties. Uracil replaces thymine in,
for the point, what nucleic acid, that, unlike DNA, is single-stranded and made up of a ribose sugar?
RNA
One moniker of this disease is derived from its discoverer, Jean-Martin Charcot,
while a more common moniker derives its name from a New York Yankees first baseman who died in 1941. Stephen Hawking suffered from, for the point, what progressive neurodegenerative muscle disorder also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease?
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
Hippocrates and Galen studied this civilization’s early medicine, including fruit derived ointments, at the temple of one of its rulers. Despite advances in dental technology, this civilization’s Queen Hatsheput died from an abscess following a tooth extraction. For the point, name this ancient civilization whose early science was advanced thanks to the patronage of the pharaohs.
Ancient Egypt
In this process, Okazaki fragments are joined by ligase to synthesize the lagging
strand, and this process occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The Meselson-Stahl experiment proved that this process was semi-conservative, and PCR is an example of this process occurring on a massive scale. For the point, name this process in which DNA is
copied onto a new strand.
DNA Replication
Substitution of valine for glutamic acid is caused by one of these events and results
in sickle cell anemia, while another type has no effect on phenotype. Point and frameshift are examples of, for the point, what process that results in the change of DNA sequence in an organism?
mutation
This organ’s sinoatrial node is located near the superior vena cava, and its activity is recorded by an EKG. Purkinje fibers conduct action potentials in this organ, which is affected by myocardial infarctions. Atriums and ventricles make up the four chambers of this organ in humans. For the point, name this central organ whose namesake “beat” is essential to human life.
Heart
This organelle in eukaryotic cells contains cytochrome c oxidase, which participates
in the electron transport chain. The Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of this organelle. Cristae are folds in the inner membrane of this organelle, where a proton gradient helps synthesize ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. For the point, name this so-called “powerhouse of the cell.”
Mitochondria
Electroreceptors in the pores of these animals are known as Ampullae of Lorenzini. Cladoselache was a genus of early predecessors to these animals, which contain multiple rows of replaceable teeth. The “whale” variety of these animals is the largest extant fish
species. For the point, name these animals that include “hammerhead” and “great white” varieties.
Shark
These organisms contain the transcription factor Gal4, which is used in their namesake “two-hybrid screening” assay to detect protein interactions. The most common form of thrush is caused by infection with one of these organisms, Candida albicans. Both “a” and “alpha” mating types are found in the “baker’s” type of these organisms. For the point,
name these unicellular fungi used in making bread and beer.
yeast
This hormone, which regulates GLUT4 transporters, was sequenced by Frederick
Sanger. Ketoacidosis is caused by a lack of this hormone, which stimulates the production of glycogen. Secreted from beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans, this is, for the point, what hormone that opposes the effects of glucagon, whose deficiency leads to type 1 diabetes?
Insulin
In 2020, scientists were able to extract ancient DNA from this substance, which
stabilized the organisms inside, although the extraction of dinosaur blood from this
substance is not as feasible as seen in the film Jurassic Park. Insects are commonly
preserved in, for the point, what yellow-orange resin that comes from fossilized trees?
Amber
Individuals with the Delta-32 mutation are resistant to infection by this pathogen
due to the inactivation of the protein C-C chemokine receptor 5. This pathogen can be treated by antiretroviral drugs such as Abacavir and AZT. Helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, are attacked by, for the point, what sexually-transmitted retrovirus that leads to a weakened immune response and can cause AIDS?
HIV
Although humans cannot perform this ability, they are able experience it with a
virtual reality device called the Tarsier Eclipse. An increased amount of high-density rod cells in the eyes allow animals to perform, for the point, what ability possessed by most nocturnal animals, such as owls, that allows them to see in the dark?
Night Vision
Methods for detecting this disease involve the use of lateral flow strips, the RT
LAMP method, or a real-time reverse transcription PCR reaction. The first confirmed case of this disease occurred in Wuhan and resulted in widespread lockdowns in China. Delta and Omicron are variants of, for the point, what infectious disease that has caused the ongoing pandemic?
COVID-19
A disease commonly named for this process is known medically as trypanosomiasis [[“trip”-ah-noh-SOH-mye-AY-sis]]. Muscle paralysis often occurs during the rapid eye movement form of this process, and obstruction of breathing can lead to its namesake apnea. People with insomnia struggle to undergo, for the point, what process which can include dreaming?
Sleep
Fibroids are smooth muscle tumors found in this organ, whose inner lining grows in
the wrong location during endometriosis. A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of this internal organ, which is also cut open during a Caesarean section. The placenta forms within this organ after the embryo implants into its wall at the start of gestation. For the point, name this reproductive organ where the fetus develops.
uterus
The virus causing this disease, uncommonly referred to as “hydrophobia”, emerges from protein aggregates in the brain called Negri bodies. Foaming at the mouth is notable
symptom of, for the point, what viral disease, caused by the genus Lyssavirus, that is spread through animal bites?
Rabies
The virus causing this disease, uncommonly referred to as “hydrophobia”, emerges from protein aggregates in the brain called Negri bodies. Foaming at the mouth is notable
symptom of, for the point, what viral disease, caused by the genus Lyssavirus, that is spread through animal bites?
Rabies
The Bajau people of Southeast Asia have enlarged forms of this organ as an
adaptation for diving. Parts of this organ branch into arteries surrounded by PALS tissue. Damage to this organ can result in overwhelming sepsis from encapsulated organisms. Sickle cell anemia can sequester this organ that contains white and red pulp. For the point, name this abdominal organ that destroys old red blood cells.
Spleen
These molecules, which are made up of four polypeptide chains, are divided into
two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment, and vaccines stimulate the production of these molecules in order to provide immunity against diseases. Immunoglobulin is another name
for, for the point, what Y-shaped proteins that regulate the immune response by binding to an antigen?
Antibody
The 1902 poem “The Story of Fidgety Philip” made an early reference to these
disorders, one of which was referred to by a German neurologist as “word blindness.”
Dyscalculia is one of these disorders affecting numerical reasoning, and dyslexia is another disorder of this type affecting literacy. Ritalin and Adderall are used to treat, for the point, what disorders in school-aged children?
Learning Disorders
This country’s Hamelin Pool hosts the most abundant examples of living
stromatolites in the world. The extremely rare ant genus Nothomyrmecia lives in the south of this country, and the devil facial tumor disease has affected a carnivorous marsupial, Sarcophilus harrisii, from this country. Animals such as the kookaburra and wallaby are native to, for the point, what country, whose researchers often study the Tasmanian devil?
Australia
Anthozoans [[AN-thuh-ZOH-inz]] have cnidocytes [[NY-doh-“sites”]] on these
structures, and some ctenophores [[TEH-nuh-FORZ]] have retractable these structures that feature sticky colloblasts. A squid has eight arms and two of these structures, which are used for seizing prey. For the point, name these appendages that are covered with stinging cells in jellyfish.
Tentacles
One condition that affects this body part is called stenosis, in which bone spurs
appear due to the narrowing of the canal found in this body part. Another condition that affects this body part is spondylosis, while in another condition, curvatures resembling the letters “C” or “S” is used to diagnose scoliosis, an abnormal curvature of this body part. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar are groups of vertebrae in, for the point, what part of the body, also called the backbone?
Spine
This disease, also known as “Bronze John”, is mentioned on the tombstone of Walter
Reed, a U.S. Army physician who confirmed the theory, proposed by a Cuban physician named Carlos Finlay, that this disease was transmitted through Aedes aegypti [[eh-DEEZ eh
GIP-tee]]. For the point, name this viral disease that is transmitted through mosquitos, named for the jaundice it causes.
Yellow Fever
Collagen binding activates proteins such as kallikrein and von Willebrand factor
during this process’s namesake “cascade.” The drug Warfarin inhibits this process by
reducing Vitamin K. Thrombin triggers the formation of a fibrin network during this
process, which is impaired in hemophiliacs. Platelets aggregate at the site of a wound in, for the point, what process that stops blood loss?
Blood Clotting
Root-produced abscisic acid causes the closure of these structures, which are
inactive during the day in CAM plants. These structures are surrounded by two guard cells and are located mainly on the bottom of leaves to take in carbon dioxide. For the point, name these pores that regulate gas exchange in plants
Stomata
Healthy examples of this tissue exclusively have chondrocyte [[KON-dro-site]] cells.
The amount of proteoglycan and collagen in this tissue determines if it is hyaline, fibro, or elastic. Along with bone tissue, this tissue is destroyed in osteoarthritis. This tissue makes up the skeletons of skates, rays, and sharks. For the point, name this flexible structural tissue that lines joints and makes up the nose and ear.
Cartilage
Although not indicative of HSV-1 encephalitis, high levels of this substance in cerebrospinal fluid are indicative of bacterial meningitis. This substance is produced in the Cori Cycle from pyruvate and then converted back to pyruvate in the liver, leading to gluconeogenesis. A byproduct of anaerobic metabolism is, for the point, what compound that is the cause of muscle soreness after a person undergoes intense exercise?
Lactic Acid
Those chaperonins assist the folding of these compounds into secondary, tertiary,
and quaternary structures, which are undone by the process of denaturation. In the ribosome, translation converts messenger RNA into, for the point, what macromolecules that are made up of amino acid monomers and whose subtypes include antibodies and
enzymes?
Protein
A form of this process involves the use of PEP carboxylase to produce oxaloacetic
[[aak-sa-low-AH-suh-tayt]] acid. The most abundant enzyme in the world, RuBisCO, is used in this process alongside ATP and NADPH to produce the three-carbon molecule G3P during the Calvin cycle. The chloroplast is the site of, for the point, what process in which plants use light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose?
Photosynthesis
Alpha-1 anti-trypsin is an inherited genetic disease that degrades the elasticity of
this organ, which is surrounded by a pleural membrane. A spirometer can be used to measure the function of this organ, which receives deoxygenated blood via the pulmonary artery from the heart. Alveoli can be found in, for the point, what primary organ of the respiratory system that facilities gas exchange and helps us breathe?
lungs
The first case of the current outbreak of this disease was reported by the Center for Disease Control to have been contracted by an inmate in Colorado in 2022. There are three subtypes of this disease that have been detected in the United States, one of which is a re
assortment of the Eurasian H5 and the North American N2 viruses. The double crested cormorant helped spread, for the point, what virus that spreads through contact with infected animals in the same family as chickens or geese?
Avian Influenza
This genetic disorder may be caused by mutations in the P gene or the TYR gene, the latter of which contains tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Oculocutaneous [[ah-kyoo-loh-KYOO-teh-nee-us]] and ocular are common forms of, for the point, what genetic condition where the body produces little to no melanin, causing a lack of pigment in a person’s skin, hair, and eyes?
Albinism
Kupffer cells break down red blood cells in this organ, and most of the blood supply
of this organ is delivered by the portal vein. This organ is the primary site of the urea cycle and gluconeogenesis. Late-stage scarring of this organ is termed cirrhosis, while its inflammation is known as hepatitis. For the point, name this digestive organ that detoxifies
blood and produces bile.
Liver
A mutation in one species of these animals, the Stickleback, has allowed them to adapt between different habitats. The majority of these animals belong to the class Actinopterygii [[ack-tee-nop-TEH-rih-gee]]. Respiration in these animals occurs through a closed-loop circulatory system and gills. For the point, name these aquatic animals, examples of which include lampreys, sharks, and piranhas.
Fish
This plant commonly grows alongside, and is often mistaken for, the Virginia
creeper. This plant contains a resin called urushiol that induces a form of contact dermatitis, and “black-spot” deposits caused by this plant can be treated with topical corticosteroids. The phrase “Leaves of three, let it be” applies to, for the point, what plant of the genus Toxicodendron that is closely related to other species named “oak” and “sumac”, whose sap
causes an itchy rash?
Poison Ivy
Sulfonylureas [[suhl-fah-neel-LUH-ree-us]] are a class of organic compounds used to
treat this disease, which is caused by the loss of beta cells in some patients. One form of this disease involves the inability of cells to respond to insulin, and is often caused by a lack of physical activity or poor diet. For the point, name this disease characterized by high blood sugar levels that can be classified into Type 1 and Type 2 varieties.
Diabetes
This organ is made up of three layers, with its spaces being filled with vitreous and
aqueous humor. Diseases that affect this organ include conjunctivitis and cataracts, and it contains specialized photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The lens, cornea, and iris are structures that are part of, for the point, what organ of the visual system that is responsible for helping us see?
eyes
In 1961, Bernice Eddy discovered that millions of people were exposed to SV40
[[S-V-“forty”]] through contaminated vaccines for this disease. During the Cutter
incident, thousands of Americans were given faulty (+) live-virus vaccines for this
disease. This disease’s first vaccine was invented by Jonas Salk in the 1950s. Paralysis can be caused by, for the point, what disease that attacks the nervous system?
Polio
Children with this disorder typically fail the Sally-Anne test, demonstrating a
lack of theory of mind. The DSM Five reclassified this disorder as a spectrum,
subsuming the previous diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome. Low social interest and communication struggles characterize, for the point, what neurodevelopmental condition?
Autism
The vaccinia [[vak-SIH-nee-ah]] virus is used to inoculate against this disease
and was first harvested from sores on the hands of milkmaids. During a 1763 siege,
British and American soldiers (+) used this disease as a bioweapon by distributing
contaminated blankets. The world’s first vaccines were produced by Edward (*)
Jenner to prevent this disease. For the point, name this deadly disease caused by Variola viruses, which was eradicated in the 1970s.
Smallpox
With theophylline [[thee-AH-fih-leen]], this compound is often used as a
treatment for sleep apnea among premature babies. This stimulant is often extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Due to being an adenosine
[[ah-DEH-noh-seen]] antagonist, this alkaloid compound is commonly used to prevent drowsiness. For the point, name this stimulant found in tea and coffee.
Caffeine
The pika [[“PIE”-kah]] is a close rabbit relative found in these biomes. Guanacos [[gwah-NAH-kohs]] and vicuñas [[vih-KOO-nyahs]] are two South American
(+) camelids [[KAM-eh-lids]] noted for living in these biomes. Plant-life on these
biomes typically stops above the snow line (*). For the point, name these high-altitude biomes found in places such as the Himalayas.
Mountains
Many members of this order contain a structure called amelon,whichhouses
the spermaceti [[sper-mah-SEH-tee]] organ. Filter-feeding members of this order possess keratin plates called (+) baleen [[BAY-leen]]. Members of this order breathe through a specialized nostril on their backs called a blowhole. For the point, name this order of marine mammals that includes porpoises, dolphins, and whales.
Cetaceans [[see-TAY-shuns]]
Patients who fail to develop this structure may develop Probst bundles to
compensate. Damage to this structure can result in alien hand syndrome or Dr.
Strangelove syndrome. This structure has a Latin name meaning “tough body.”
This structure is severed in patients who undergo a split brain procedure, which is
sometimes used to treat epilepsy. The two hemispheres (*) of the brain are linked by, for the point, what structure?
Corpus Callosum
One sessile [[SESS-ile]] clade [[KLAYD]] in this phylum has a symbiotic relationship with clownfish, providing shelter in exchange for cleaning. This phylum is characterized by a specialized type of cell that releases stinging toxins on
contact. Sea Anemone, Jellies, and Coral are all a part of, for the point, which animal phylum?
Cnidarians [[“nigh”-“DARE”-ee-uns]]
Common systems of a disorder caused bythishormoneincludecrowdedteeth
and enlarged hands and feet. Excessive levels of this hormone can cause pituitary
tumors and acromegaly [[ak-roh-MEH-gah-lee]]. Deficiencies of this hormone are the primary cause of human dwarfism. A peptide hormone responsible for
stimulating cell division, for the point, what is this common performance-enhancing drug?
Growth Hormone
This scientist’s paper “Experiments on Plant Hybridization” led to the
introduction of the laws of segregation and independent assortment. This scientist’s studies of (+) Pisum sativum [[PEE-sum sah-TEE-vum]] led him to coin the terms “dominant” and “recessive.” A 19th century friar, (*) for the point, who was this man who studied inheritance among pea plants?
Mendel
