History of Planning Flashcards
In 1867, __________ passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses.
San Francisco
In 1903, ___________ created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. ___________, ___________, and ___________ were responsible for the plan’s development.
Cleveland, Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner
In 1906, ___________ was the first major American city to apply City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by __________.
San Francisco, Daniel Burnham
In 1907, the first town planning board was created in _____________.
Hartford, CT
In 1909, ___________ created the first metropolitan regional plan for ______________.
Daniel Burnham, Chicago
_____________ was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development.
Los Angeles, CA
In 1914, _________________ hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, Harland Bartholomew. Bartholomew went on to become one of the most famous planning consultants.
Newark, NJ
In 1916, New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, written by ____________.
Edward Bassett
In 1922, _______________ formed the first regional planning commission.
Los Angeles County
In 1924, _____________________ of the U.S. Department of Commerce issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.
Secretary Herbert Hoover
In 1925, the _______________ was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
City of Cincinnati
Developed the Cincinnati Plan 1925. First comp plan ever
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
In 1928, the ______________, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.
U.S. Department of Commerce
In 1933, the first U.S. National Planning Board was created. It was later renamed the _____________ and then abolished in 1943.
National Resources Planning Board
In 1934, the first federally supported public housing was constructed in __________, although the first to be occupied was located in __________.
Cleveland, Atlanta
In 1961, ____________ was the first state to introduce statewide zoning, which was later amended in 1978.
Hawaii
This book resulted in housing reform in New York City
How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis
This book initiated the Garden City movement
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard
This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago
Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody
This book was the first major textbook on city planning
Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Shurtleff
Author of Planning of the Modern City
Nelson Lewis
This book centers on regional planning, and Geddes is known as the “father of regional planning.”
Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddes
This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe
This book became a common textbook on land use planning.
Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin
This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.
Image of the City by Kevin Lynch
This book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal
The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs
This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Author of Urban General Plan
T.J. Kent
This is a seminal book on historic preservation.
With Heritage So Rich edited by Alfred Reins
This book focuses on conservation design using an overlay technique that was later the basis of GIS.
Design with Nature by Ian McHarg
This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by William Whyte
Created the NY Housing Authority and published The City is the Frontier
Charles Abrams
a book that was highly critical of U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
The City is the Frontier
An important planner during the Garden City movement. He was Secretary of the Garden City Association.
Thomas Adams
The first manager of Letchworth.
Thomas Adams
He developed several garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
Thomas Adams
This person was an advocate of community organizing
Saul Alinsky
This book encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy
Reveille for Radicals by Saul Alinsky
This person provided 13 rules for community organizing
Saul Alinsky
This person wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.
Sherry Arnstein
This person was responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes.
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
This person was the father of landscape architecture
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
prominent proponent of the City Beautiful movement
Daniel Burnham
“Make no little plans. They have no fire to stir men’s blood.”
Daniel Burnham
Created the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.
John Nolen
developed the neighborhood unit concept which was implemented in Radburn, NJ.
Clarence Perry
He was a key contributor to the 1929 Regional Survey of New York and its Environs.
Clarence Perry
architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
Paolo Soleri
designed Sunnyside Gardens (Queens, NY)
designed Radburn, NJ
proponent of Garden City movement
Clarence Stein
This person wrote New Town for America
Clarence Stein
Head of Resettlement Administration during the New Deal
Rexford Tugwell
He was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia (a Resettlement Administration community)
He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico
Rexford Tugwell
English town planner and designer of Letchworth
Sir Raymond Unwin
Author of Town Planning in Practice
Sir Raymond Unwin
Founder of American housing policy.
She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America.
Catherine Bauer Wurster
She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
Catherine Bauer Wurster
This movement took place during the late 1800s to early 1900s
They believed in creating ______ _______ would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives
Resulted in civic centers
City Beautiful movement
Examples of Beautiful cities
White City, Chicago, IL
McMillan Plan, Washington, DC
A _________ ________ was intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
Garden City
This movement was described by Ebenezer Howard in 1898
Garden City movement
What movement was a reaction against the City Beautiful movement?
City Efficient / City Scientific
What was City Efficient / City Scientific focused on?
function and efficiency, not beauty
What movement arose in the 1930s after the Great Depression?
City Humane, focused on jobs and housing
The Greenbelt Towns Program established these 3 cities
Greendale, Wisconsin
Greenhills, Ohio
Greenbelt, Maryland
The New Towns Act was passed around what time?
After World War II
This movement occurred in the 1940s and coincided with the growth of the military and post-war industrialization, emphasizing administrative efficiency
City Functional Movement
What provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest? This survey was completed following the end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.
The Land Ordinance of 1785
This act provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. The result was the settlement of 270 million acres or 10% of the land area of the United States.
Homestead Act
allowed new western states to establish colleges.
Morrill Act
This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
General Land Law Revision Act
allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves.
Forest Management Act
allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.
U.S. Reclamation Act
this entity proposes rules for land development and management
Public Lands Commission
the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites.
The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
Antiquities Act
commonly known as the GI Bill
guaranteed home loans to veterans, resulting in rapid suburbs development
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
Why was the City Beautiful movement critized?
for failing to address issues like housing, poverty, and transportation efficiency. It did not foresee the looming impact of the automobile.
Where was the first comprehensive plan developed?
Cincinnati
This plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.
Regional Plan for New York and Environs
This Act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning
US Housing Act of 1954
When did comprehensive plans shift to more of a social focus? The emphasis moved to concerns of equity, neighborhood preservation, affordable housing, environmental protection, and historic preservation.
1970s and 1980s
When did state begin introducing comprehensive planning?
1970s
Ebenezer Howard’s 3 garden cities
- Letchworth
- Welwyn Garden City
- Wythenshawe
