History of Orthodontics Flashcards
Appliances for aligning these go as far back as the __
Egyptians
From evidence found in human skulls, Crooked teeth have been around since the time of ?
Neanderthal man
Not until about 3000 years ago that we had the first written record of?
Attempts to correct crowded or protruding teeth
Primitive and surprisingly well designed orthodontic appliances have been found with?
Greek and Etruscan artifacts
Archaeologists have discovered ? wrapped around Individual teeth.
Egyptian mummies with crude metal bands
It is speculated that ? was used to close the gaps
Catgut
Ancient origin
Etruscans
Ancient Greek
Romans
The earliest evidence of appliances being used to straighten teeth.
They buried their dead with appliances that were used to maintain space and prevent collapse of the dentition.
Etruscans
Considered to be one of the most exceptional figures in the history of medicine, published his ideas regarding the correction of tooth irregularities in 400 BC
Hippocrates
Teeth bound with a gold wire presumably an ancient precursor to modern ligature wire have been found in a roman tomb in Egypt
Romans
They saw teeth as precious
Romans
Stated that special penalties would be exacted for knocking out the teeth of an individual either Freeman or slave
The first code of Roman law (450 BC)
A great Roman philosopher and physician recommended extracting deciduous teeth to allow the eruption of the permanent dentition In his medical encyclopedia De Medicina
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
First to record the use of finger pressure for the treatment of incorrectly positioned teeth and said that this finger pressure should be applied the new teeth every day to ensure correct tooth alignment
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
Probably the first mechanical treatment was filing elongated teeth to bring them in the proper alignment at Chapter 49 named Remedies for Toothache in Naturalis Historia
This method remained in practice until the 1800s
Pliny the Elder
The European renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries heralded scientists who studied dental anatomy most notably the Italian renaissance polymath:
Leonardo da Vinci
His drawings included detailed studies on body proportions and he used details such as lip dental relationship, facial proportions and tooth size ratios in his paintings
Leonardo da Vinci
Beginning in the 18 century the leading country In the field of dentistry was?
France
Father of Orthodontia
Pierre Fauchard
He was the first to remove dentistry from the bonds of empiricism and put it on a scientific foundation.
Published The surgeon dentist: a treatise on the teeth
Pierre Fauchard 
He described methods of straightening teeth and devoted a chapter to the subject the first comprehensive discussion of orthodontic appliances in his book
Pierre Fauchard
He describe the use of ligature wires to straighten teeth as well as the first expansion appliance appliance known as a bandeau 
Pierre Fauchard
Fauchard’s bandeau was refined by?
Etienne Bourdet
He published The Dentist’s Art which like Fauchard’s book included a chapter dedicated to tooth alignment
Etienne Bourdet 
His was the first record of recommending serial instruction and of extracting premolars to relieve crowding
Etienne Bourdet
He was also the first practice “lingual orthodontics” expanding the arch from the lingual
Etienne Bourdet
Made the greatest and advances in dentistry of his time. An English anatomist and surgeon he took a particular interest in the anatomy of teeth and jaws.
John Hunter
He was the first to describe normal of Lucian occlusion to attempt to classify the teeth. He established the difference between teeth and bone
John Hunter
His text, the natural history of human teeth, presented the first clear statement of orthopedic principles.
He was the first to describe the growth of jaws not as a hypothesis but as a sound, scientific investigations
John Hunter
He was the first to classify malocclusion.
He was the first to give explicit directions for correcting the irregularities of teeth
Joseph Fox
He was particularly interested in the judicious removal of deciduous teeth, treatment timing, and the use of bite blocks to open the bite. His other appliances included an expansion arch and a chin cup 
Joseph Fox
The term orthodontics was coined by him who use the word orthodontisie or orthodontia.
He was also the first to combine a labial arch with a lingual arch
Joachim Lefoulon
First to use plaster modeling to record malocclusion
Friedrich Christoph Kneisel
When he fitted his prognathic px with a chin strap, he became the first to use a removable appliance
Kneisel
Very early appliance were made out of this often used for tooth movement
Ivory with hickory wood pegs
First of those dental pioneers who made the last half of the 19th century a period of great advancement
Normal Kingsley
A splendid thinker and skilled artisan, he introduced several innovations, incuding occipital traction
Kingsley
A Treatise on Oral Deformities
The first to recommend that etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning should be the foundations of practice
Kingsley
First to discuss cleft palate treatment in terms of ortho
Kingsley
Made the first reported effort to use a telescopic bar in the maxilla to correct a crossbite, he placed chincups on his Class 3 px
Amos Westcott
Kingsley’s student, reported on a new design for an expansion appliance, which still bears his name.
C. R. Coffin
He embedded spring-action piano wire bent into the shape of W into a vulcanite plate, separated the palte in the middle and activated the spring so that its halves pressed the alveolar process to the outside.
Coffin
The investigations of him began the era of biologic tooth movement.
John Nutting Farrar
His Treatise on Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Correction is considered the first great work devoted exclusively to orthodontics.
For these reasons he has been called the Father of American Orthodontics.
Farrar
He advocated the specific limits for the movement of teeth and in so doing, laid the foundation for scientific orthodontics.
Farrar
He was among the first to use occupied anchorage to retract anterior teeth.
Farrar
He recommended the bodily movement of teeth. Based on wnimal studies, he originated the theory of intermittent force and developed a screw to deliver this force if controlled
Farrar
First to use, along with Henry Baker, Class 2 elastics and was the first to attempt bodily movement.
Calvin Case
Also the first to use light wires (0.16 and 0.18 inch). He advocated extraction to correct facial deformities.
Case
He incurred the wrath of Angle and his disciples. His paper provoked an acrimonious debate that came to be known as the Great Extraction Debate
Case
He used headgears for cleft px and others. He was slow to be recognized but he is now considered one of the Big 4 of Orthodontics
Case
Most dominant, dynamic, and influential figure in orthodontics. He is regarded as the Father of Modern Orthodontics. No other man in dentistry did more to foster this branch of dental science as a specialty, causing its separation from general practice and advocating it as recognized and distinct science
Edward H. Angle
Called for the separation of orthodontics from dentistry, was the beginning of a new era of dentistry.
Angle
He founded the first postgraduate school of orthodontics Angle School of Orthodontia, also the first orthodontic journal, The American Orthodontist
Angle
Was published in Dental Cosmos, remains the most widely accepted classification of malocclusions.
Angle’s classification
Based on the relationship of the maxillary to the mandibular first molars, it provided the first orderly means of characterizing malocclusions, and its universal acceptance by the dental profession is a testament to its practical simplicity
Angle’s classification
Held 37 px; his most noteworthy appliances are the E-arch, the pin and tube appliance, the ribbon arch, and the edgewise appliance
Angle’s Appliances
Angle’s appliances
E-arch
Pin-and-tube appliance
Ribbon arch
Edgewise appliance
Organized the first orthodontic society, the American Society of Orthodontists (now the American Association of Orthodontists, and became its first president
Angle
Mother Angle, founding coeditor of the Angle orthodontist, and honorary chair of the Angle Society executive committee
Anna Hopkins
Was once turned away from admission to Angle’s school became a leading figure in the specialty
Benno Lischer
He wrote Elements of Orthodontia, Principles and Methods of Orthodontics, and Time to Tell
Lischer
He was the first to use the term cephalometrics; he championed the term orthodontics in place of orthodontia; and he coined mesiocclusion, distocclusion, and neutrocclusion, promoting their use in lieu of Angle’s Classes 1,2,&3
Lischer
Head of orthodontics at the UPenn. He tried to present orthodontics from the biologic rather than mechanical viewpoint.
John V. Mershon
His study of relapse phenomenon led to his memorable quote: You can move teeth to where you think they belong; nature will place them where they will best adapt themselves to the rest of the organism.
Mershon
Originally a children’s dentist. His interest on the growth and development les to a collection of some 1400 skulls. He originated the term key ridge
Spencer Atkinson
Cephalometer
“Face of the normal child”
Holly Broadbent
Extraction of teeth (the bicuspids) to achieve occlusal stability and periodontal health was reintroduced
Into American ortho by Charles Tweed
Sim. into the UK by Raymond Begg
Was one of the first orthodontist to clarify the importance of addressing both facial and dental harmony
Lawrence Andrews
