History of Nursing

Question 1

Florence Nightingale

Answer 1

Founder for modern nursing

Crimean war efforts led to reform of the British Army medical system

Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not
Established nursing focus as the health of individuals

First nursing school at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London (1960)

Question 2

Mary Seacole

Answer 2

British-Jamaican nurse and business woman

Voted “Greatest Black Briton” in 2003

Rejected by Florence Nightingale

Expert on management of cholera

Described as “compassionate, fearless and determined”

Question 3

1861-1873: The American Civil War

Answer 3

advance the professional nursing practice because the leaders had achieved dramatic improvements in care during the conflicts.

Prior to the beginning of the war, there was no organization to healthcare

Reform of the military hospitals was so successful that it led to reform of civilian hospitals

Question 4

Dorothea Dix-Civil War era

Answer 4

Advocate for mentally ill

Superintendent of Women Nurses by Union Army

Created month-long training program at two New York hospitals for women who wanted to serve.

Question 5

Sojourner Truth & Harriett Tubman

CW

Answer 5

ST-first women to win a case against a white man

HT-underground railroad

Slaves that took care of Union soldiers

Question 6

Susie King Taylor

CW

Answer 6

1st Black army nurse

Taught soldiers, African-American & white how to read and write.

Question 7

Mary Ann “Mother” Bickerdyke

CW

Answer 7

“brought order out of chaos”
Delivered supplies to troops Western Front and investigated hospital camps.

Created cleaner conditions

Set up field hospitals and made cleanliness a priority

Question 8

Clara Barton “Angel of the Battlefield”

CW

Answer 8

Founded the American Red Cross

Provided relief by bringing supplies

Question 9

Sallie Thompkins “captain of calvary”

CW

Answer 9

Only woman in confederacy to hold a military rank

only woman in the Confederate Army

Question 10

Phoebe Pember

CW

Answer 10

Appointed as hospital matron

Jewish and hospital administrator at largest military hospital in Richmond, VIrginia

Question 11

Linda Richards

Answer 11

1st professionally trained nurse in the US

Question 12

First three American training schools

Answer 12

Bellevue Training School for Nurses (New York City)

Connecticut Training School for Nurses (New Haven)

Boston Training School for Nurses at Massachusetts General Hospital

Question 13

Chicago World’s Fair (1893)

Answer 13

Meeting of nurses a paper presentations

Isabel Hampton Robb

Lavinia Lloyd Dock

Bedford Fenwick

Paper by Florence Nightingale

Question 14

Isabel Hampton Robb

Answer 14

presented paper about lack of uniformity in schools

Question 15

Organizations that came our of the World Fair (1893)

Answer 15

National League for Nursing (1893)
NLN

American Nurses Association (1896)
ANA

International Council of Nurses (1899)
ICN

National Association for Colored Graduate Nurses (1908)
NACGN

Question 16

Henry Street Settlement

Lillian Ward & Mary Brewster

Answer 16

1st public health nursing

Established in New York City in 1893

Founded by Lillian Wald and Lavinia Dock

Addressed serious health conditions of immigrants

Nurses visited and provided well-baby clinics, disease prevention, health education, minor illness treatment

Still functions today to fight urban poverty

Plight of immigrants inspired the work of Margaret Sanger

Question 17

Dock, Robb, Nutting

Answer 17

Founded the American League of Nursing-nursing education

Question 18

Scales and Tyler

Answer 18

Stillman House-A branch of Henry Street African Americans

Broke racial barriers

Conducted outreach to the African American community to accept health services

Question 19

Spanish-American War

Answer 19

Typhoid fever

Nursing shortage

Nursing school graduates supplemented by untrained women

Army & Navy Nurse Corp

Question 20

Anita M. McGee MD

S-A W

Answer 20

Head of Hospital Corps, a group formed to recruit nurses

Army & Navy Nurse Corps

Question 21

Namahyoke Curtis

S-A W

Answer 21

1st trained African American by the War Department

Question 22

Licensure

Answer 22

1903: Four states created permissive licensure
1923: All states require examinations for “title protection”
1947: Fully mandated licensure
1950: NLN administered the first nationwide board examination

Question 23

1917-1930

Answer 23

1917 - Flu Pandemic, US enters WWI

1920 - Mary Adelaide Nutting chaired the National Committee on Nursing

Supply trained nurses for the U.S. Army hospitals

Found the Army School of Nursing

Congress approved military rank for nurses

Red Cross – home care and hygiene

1923 - Goldmark Report

1925 – Frontier Nursing Service Est

One of the first examples of nurses providing primary care

Question 24

Mary Breckenridge

Answer 24

nurse midwife that provided services in isolated rural areas in Appalatian mountains of Kentucky

Question 25

Goldmark Report

Answer 25

In 1918, Adelaide Nutting (a nurse educator) pushed for efforts to reform nursing education.

A committee was appointed and the Goldmark report was published in 1923.

This report identified that hospital-based training programs were inadequate - putting needs of the institution before the needs of the students

Concluded that nursing education should occur in the university setting.

Question 26

Mary Adele Nutting

Answer 26

Promoted universities

Supply trained nurses for the U.S. Army hospitals

Found the Army School of Nursing

Congress approved military rank for nursesro

Question 27

1931-1945

Answer 27

1933 - Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Rural and school health services

1935 - Social Security Act
set up to strengthen public health services and provide med care for children w/ disabilities, blind persons, and dependent mothers

World War II

Nursing shortage – again…

Cadet Nurse Corps

Question 28

The Rise of Hospitals

Answer 28

Hill-Burton Act (1946)
provided funds to construct hospitals
RAPID expansion led to

Nursing shortage – again…

“Team nursing”

The nursing shortage prompted the creation of associate degree in nursing (ADN) programs

Journal of Nursing Research was first published

Question 29

1961-1982

Answer 29

Medicare and Medicaid (1965)

Hospital specialization

Shortage of primary care physicians

“Great Society”

Nurse Practitioner

Vietnam War

Jungle mobile hospital units

Performance of emergency procedures

PTSD

1993 – Vietnam Women’s Memorial statue

Question 30

HIV/AIDS and Life Support Technologies

Answer 30

Early 1980s – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Global initiatives

Preventive measures

Universal Precautions

Wide use of life support

When and how to use life support?

“Right to die”

Treatment of “persistent vegitative states”

Question 31

Genetics:

Answer 31

Genomics, Epigenetics, and Pharmacogenetics will shape the foreseeable future of health care and nursing practice. ***

Question 32

Biomedical:

Answer 32

Nurses take responsibility for monitoring and responding to data generated by complex machines or implantable devices.

Question 33

Information:

Answer 33

Nurses assume responsibility for data entry and retrieval using computer-based applications on the unit, at the bedside, or hand-held, which communicate, store, manage, retrieve, and process information.

Question 34

Knowledge:

Answer 34

“technology of the mind”; involves use of computer systems to transform information into knowledge and generate new knowledge; called “expert systems.”

Question 35

Nursing shortage

Answer 35

Frequent imbalances in nursing supply lead to nursing shortages

Usually confined to hospitals and nursing homes

Internal causes: salary issues, long hours, increased responsibilitiy for unlicensed workers, too little authority for RNs

External: changes in demand for nurses, increasing age of population and of nurses, alternative career options for women

The key factor is the shortage of nursing faculty

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 2009 To stimulate U.S. economy, with provision for $500 million to strengthen U.S. health care work force

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Has committed tens of millions of dollars to create regional workforce development systems in health care

Johnson & Johnson Campaign for Nursing’s Future In partnership with National Student Nurses Association (NSNA), NLN, ANA, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI)

American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Recognition Program To attract and retain nurses in acute hospital settings

Question 36

Who published Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not?

Answer 36

2. Florence Nightingale:

Question 37

Before Florence Nightingale, men provided most of the nursing care.

True

False

Answer 37

True

Question 38

According to the text, what is the fourth technological development? Genetics, biomedical, information, and

Answer 38

Knowledge

Question 39

What is an internal cause of nursing shortages?

Answer 39

Salary issues