History Of Neuro

Question 1

Ancient Greece and Rome

Answer 1

• Hippocrates (460-370BC): brain = thought
• Aristotle (384-322BC): heart = thought
• Galen (129-200AD): heart = pump, brain= thought
  
  • dissections

Question 2

19th century explosion of information

Answer 2

• 4 key developments
  1. Nerves as wires
  2. Localization of function
  3. Evolution of nervous systems
  4. The neuron

Question 3

Nerves as wires

Answer 3

• Luigi galvani and Emil du bois-Raymond
  
  • stimulated nerves electrically
• bell and magendie
  
  • dorsal and ventral roots

Question 4

Localization of function

Answer 4

• experimental ablation
  
  • cerebellum = movement
• phrenology: measurement of bumps on skull to predict mental traits
• big question: does cerebrum have localized function

Question 5

The neuron

Answer 5

-Theodore schwann: cell theory (1839)

• Camillo golgi:
  
  • golgi stain (1873)
  • golgi apparatus, golgi tendon organ etc
• santiago Ramon y cajal
  
  • neuron doctrine

Question 6

Ontogenetics

Answer 6

• switch on and off light-sensitive neurons

- provides insight to both normal and abnormal brain function

Question 7

Why study the history of neuro?

Answer 7

1. Learn from the past
2. Efficiency- dont reinvent the wheel
3. See how limitations of times/bias may have influenced scientific inquiry
4. Provide innovation to fill knowledge gaps
5. Build evidence based view of the brain

Question 8

Brenda Milner

Answer 8

• founder of neuropsychology
• 100 years old
• temporal lobe damage can cause emotional/intellectual changes
• studied effects of H.M.
  
  • unable to remember new events but could learn new motor skills
  • loss of hippocampus
• helped describe lateralization

Question 9

Hippocrates

Answer 9

-brain=thought

Question 10

Aristotle

Answer 10

Heart=thought

Question 11

Galen

Answer 11

• heart=pump
• brain=thought
• deduced function through dissection
• cortex=memory/sensory because it was squishy
• cerebellum=muscle because it was harder
• ventricles

Question 12

Bell + Magendie

Answer 12

• cutting dorsal and ventral roots to determine function

- nerve=mixture of wires

Question 13

19th century findings

Answer 13

1. Nerves as wire
   
   • wires that conduct electrical stimulations from the brain
2. localization of function
   
   • experimental ablation
3. Evolution of NS
   
   • animals must have similar NS because we share similar mechanisms
4. The neuron
   
   • Schwann (cell theory 1839)
   • Camillo golgi (1873)
   • Ramon y Cajal (neurone doctrine)

Question 14

Galvani + Bois-Raymond

Answer 14

• electrically stimulated nerves can cause body to twitch

- wires that conduct electrical impulses to and from brain