History of Modern World Final Flashcards
Be familiar with the content of the 1689 English Bill of Rights
Influenced by Locke, it lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It also set Protestants up for succession. Preceded by the Glorious Revolution. [Wiki]
Parliament
Right of Juries
A continuation of Magna Carta, important component of English Constitution
Sets exclusively Protestant succession
Explain the ambitions of Louis XIV for France and specific policies and actions, particularly in terms of dealing with religious uniformity
Louis was had a high view of the royal authority. He was absolute. He saw protestantism as a sign of his lack of absolute rule over his country, so he slowly took away the rights of protestants and gave the french the ability to harass them for certain thing. Eventually he revoked the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau, which took away any of the freedom that the protestants still had left. He wanted religious uniformity for the sake of greater power (I think…). (Cragg/Wiki) horning
Battle of the Boyne:
“was fought in 1690 between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones – the Catholic James VII & II and the Protestant William III and II (who, with his wife, Mary II, James’s daughter, had deposed James in 1688) – across the River Boyne near Drogheda on the east coast of Ireland. The battle, won by William, was a turning point in James’s unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant ascendancy in Ireland.”
Cardinal Mazarin:
“a former collaborator of Richelieu who continued the policies of his predecessor….[though his] government was marked by repeated conspiracies and rebellions, Protestants were generally not involved in them, and their numbers grew among all social classes.” (G 187)
Cardinal Richelieu:
“a wily politician whose main goals were the aggrandizement of the French crown and of his own personal power [, and though] he was a cardinal of the Church of Rome, his religious policy was not based on theological or confessional considerations, but rather on calculations of convenience.” (i.e. during the Thirty Years’ War he actually supported the Protestants undercover, even though theologically he did not support them - yet he did not like the Huguenots at all, because Henry IV had given them “several fortified cities,” securing their ability to “rebel and resist if their rights were violated”; G 186). A Machiavellian politician.
Charles II:
acknowledged as king of Scotland after his father, Charles I, died. Cromwell forced him to flee Scotland. When he returned, he tried to incorporate Presbyterians into the national church, yet the new Parliament was opposed to this, preferring “the traditional episcopacy.” While on his deathbed, he “declared himself a Catholic” without surprise from many Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians being persecuted at the time. (G 207-208)
Clarendon Code:
“The Clarendon Code was a series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwell’s Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions.”
Dissenters:
Protestants opposed to the Act of Toleration of 1689.
Gallicanism:
consisted of those opposed to “the notion of a centralized church under papal authority”; the name was derived “from Gaul, or ancient France - because it was in France that they became most powerful.” “While some of the Gallicans opposed the centralization of power in the papacy for political reasons, others did so because they were convinced that ecclesiastical authority resided in the bishops, and not in the pope.” (G 212)
Glorious Revolution of 1688:
James II overthrown by Parliament and William Orange’s invasion fleet. William becomes William III, king of England. This ends Catholicism’s chance at ever gaining the throne again. Protestant faith is established, Catholicism rejected.
James II:
Ruled from 1685-1688; the Glorious Revolution came at the end of his reign. A Catholic king, he was, and he advocated “royal absolutism,” wishing to restore and advance his Catholic faith through his rule (G 209). His attempted reformation of many institutions, including parliament and the church, only unified Protestants even more. He got funds from the American colonies so that Parliament would not be needed; the colonists did not like this. (Cragg 58ff)
Louis XIV:
“The Sun King”; “proclaimed and defended the ‘liberties of the Gallican church’” (G 187). He “established a new type of kingship, absolute in power and resplendent in dignity” (Cragg 17). Huguenots persecuted under him, especially after he revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685 (Cragg, 21), replacing it with the Edict of Fontainebleau (G 189). He attempted to convert them to Catholicism (“reunion”) first by mild persuasion, second by trying to “buy conversions,” and finally by using the army to force conversions (in 1684 against France; G 188). He “regarded the clergy as civil servants” (25). “I AM THE STATE.”
Restoration:
a “repudiation of Commonwealth period, Cromwell, and Puritans” during the reign of Charles II (1660-1685). (class notes, lessons 4-5) It “took place because the majority of Englishmen were weary of experiments and wanted to return to familiar ways.” (Cragg 50) The Act of Uniformity was imposed at this time in order to suppress the Puritans (the Book of Common Prayer was required in religious services; 51ff). Other results of the restoration included the Clarendom Code, the Great Fire of London, the Test Act of 1673 (which excluded Catholics from public office).
United Provinces:
also known as the Dutch Republic (i.e. the Netherlands).
Whigs:
“a faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs’ origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule. The Whigs played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the standing enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders, who were Roman Catholic. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715, and remained totally dominant until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, allowed Tories back in.”
William of Orange:
“William III & II was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic”
Be able to describe the background and causes of the American Revolution
Background:
Causes: a). Anglicization: culture was growing increasingly tied to Britain. b). Intellectual streams: Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance thought were influential on the Americans. Under British Common Law Constutitionalism, the Americans thought of themselves as British subjects; their history and governmental/legal structures were their own, and the common law tradition was protecting their legal rights; the Magna Carta had limited the monarch; the Petition of Right; by the English Bill of Rights, taxes had to be voted on (and there was no standing army, etc.). There was an “unwritten constitution” among the Americans. All of this British heritage fed into resistance of bad measures of king George III, and they thus protested to defend their rights as Englishmen. Republicanism also came out of this British intellectual stream, with James Harrington’s Oceania and Joseph Addison’s Cato shaping the American mind. Lockean Liberalism was influential as well. His idea of a “social contract” showed that revolution was possible. It must be noted, however, that his thinking was not central to the colonists’ thinking.
Be able to discuss the key arguments in Paine’s Common Sense
Government vs. Society
Society - “Unites our affections”; positive element of human connection.
Government - “Restraining our vices”; Negative element of human connection. Security is the main goal of government.
Island Example -the simplest local government is the best form of government; English form of government is too outdated and complicated.
Monarchy and hereditary succession -
Monarchy- all men were created equal. Sin gave rise to kings.
Hereditary succession- evil practice that opens the door to incompetent leadership; opens the door to corruption and civil war.
American Situation-
America no longer needs British protection.
Britain is no longer looking out for the best interests of America
Preferable American independence.
(Common Sense)
Alexander Hamilton
Leader of the Federalist party (instrumental in redrafting the constitution at the Philadelphia Convention), founder of the nation’s financial system, Chief of Staff to General Washington.
Articles of Confederation
Established the 13 states as a confederation. Although not formally ratified until 1781, it was begun in 1766 and its ideas were assumed during the Revolutionary War.
Benjamin Franklin
The epitome of the “self-made man,” a model American and proponent of the Enlightenment. Ambassador of the U.S., a renaissance man, electricity, deist, etc. [Wiki]
Boston Massacre
In 1770, a harassing mob was fired upon by British soldiers; five people were killed. Used as war propaganda, soldiers acquitted with help from John Adams.
Boston Tea Party
In defiance of the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty threw tea into Boston harbor. Escalating the tensions, the T-Party was a significant ‘last straw.’ England reacted harshly. [Wiki]
Continental Congress
The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. [Wiki]
Edmund Burke:
an Irish spokesman for the Whigs in England. Held that “each member of Parliament represented the whole British nation, and not just the particular locality he came from.” (Wood 20, 40) He supported the Americans’ cause and opposed the French Revolution later on.
French and Indian War
Known as the 7 Years War by North Americans, fighting was between the colonies, supported by the British, and the Indians, supported by the French. 1758-60, New France is defeated. France yields large amounts of land to Britain. [Wiki]
George III
King of England during the Revolutionary war.
George Washington
1st president, general of the continental army, defeated General Cornwallis, crossed the Delaware river. Pretty much a hoss.
John Adams
2nd President, a major advocate for independence, international diplomat. Nominated Washington for President.
John Hancock
A patriot, he served as president of the Second Continental Congress (the congress that signed the Declaration, which he signed with a large signature), and was a protege of Samuel Adams. [Wiki]
Lord North
Prime Minister of Great Britain during Rev. War, he proposed a number of legislative ‘punishments’ for the colonies. [Wiki]
Patrick Henry
Early advocate for independence, and regarded as a champion of Republicanism, Henry was the leader of the Anti-Federalists, and helped gain adoption of the Bill of Rights “Give me liberty, or give me death!” He later supported the Federalists. [Wiki]
Samuel Adams
Early advocate of independence, and a politician of Massachusetts, he was a major patriot and often thought as a ‘master of propaganda.’
Seven Years’ War
Synonymous with the French and Indian War
Sons of Liberty
mostly comprised of middle-rank locals who resisted the Stamp Act and “burned effigies of royal officials, forced stamp agents to resign, compelled businessmen and judges to carry on without stamps, developed an intercolonial network of correspondence, generally enforced nonimportation of British goods, and managed antistamp activities throughout the colonies.” (Wood 30)
Stamp Act
Imposed a direct tax by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America, and it required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Extremely unpopular, the Act created great animosity toward Great Britain.
Thomas Jefferson
Principal author of the Declaration, third President, Anti-Federalist, U.S. Minister to France. Oversaw the Louisiana Purchase from France, sent out Lewis and Clark. [Wiki]
Identify the people comprising the first, second, and third estates before the French Revolution
First: the Clergy
Second: the nobility
Third: e’erbody else (upper crust: bourgeoisie; peasants otherwise)
Describe the long-term and short-term causes of the French Revolution
LONG TERM:
- Ancien Regime and the “divine right” of kings (e.g. Louis XIV, “I am the state”); place in society determined by what class you were born into (i.e. rich, middle, or poorer class).
- Bourgeoisie created through trade
- National Debt due to Seven Years’ War and American Revolution; there was a move to reform the financial situation.
- Philosophes: man is autonomous.
- Catholicism owned about 10% of land in France (and after the Revolution this land would be confiscated and sold to nobles)
SHORT TERM:
- Charles Calonne tried to impose a land tax, and advocated borrowing in the short term; then Assembly of Notables (1787).
- August 1787 – lot of short term lenders stopped making loans to government; treasury stopped making payments on debts; a hailstorm occurred at this time, and the price of bread thus went through the roof (agricultural decline), and a cold winter froze the rivers; bankruptcy erupted.
- Louis XVI called for the Estates General to meet together to discuss all of this (but the Third Estate was left out; you know what happened next).
Know the main ideas of the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
The Declaration was a list of precautions drawn up in order that no one might fall back into the ancien regime. Those who drew it up were convinced that “ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the sole causes of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government.” It was drawn up in order that men may be constantly reminded of their rights, respect the “acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government,” and that these men and citizens may have future claims that “always tend to the maintenance of the Constitution, and the general happiness.” (Note that the Declaration evoked the “Supreme Being” compared to the U.S. Constitution which evoked the “Creator”)
Right II: The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are Liberty, Property, Security, and Resistance of Oppression.” These rights are “sacred (and natural) rights.”
The focus of the Declaration is on the community, and on negative laws - laws that only prohibit “actions hurtful to society” (Right V). Freedom of thought and opinion - even religious opinion - is fundamental to the Declaration. A police force should be instituted to protect the rights of man (XII). The “right to property” is essential as well” (XVII). Political liberty “consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another” (IV). A final essential right: “Every citizen has a right, either by himself or his representative, to a free voice in determining the necessity of public contributions, the appropriation of them, and their amount, mode of assessment, and duration” (XIV).
Ancien Régime
“Old regime” France (as called by the revolutionaries of 1789), a regime “based on a rigid social hierarchy in which one’s place in society was determined largely by birth, not by hard work or talent” - an organization “explained by the Great Chain of Being” (i.e. “that the entire world was organized hierarchically, from God and the angles at the top to inanimate objects, such as rocks, at the bottom, with human beings existing somewhere in between.” Louis XV stood at the top, “God’s divine representative”). Enlightenment ideas threatened this regime, however. (Mason 15-17)
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, a growth out of the “development of manufacturing and trade.” They would eventually attempt to gain “more influence both in the economy and in the political realm.” Wealthier members of lower class. (Mason 16)
Camille Desmoulins
wrote “Live Free or Die” in 1788, contrasting democracy and monarchy (and favoring democracy). “A deputy to the Convention of 1792, he served as Secretary General to the Minister of Justice, Georges Jacques Danton.” Both of them became opponents of Robespierre, and they were guillotined in 1794, “the revolution’s Year of Terror.” (Manifesto 67)
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815) Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (“the four triumphant Great Powers) “confirmed the restoration of the old order [i.e. the monarchy, after the defeat of Napolean], with some modifications, and put back in place the balance of power with the intent of preserving monarchical power and maintaining a lasting peace.” It abolished the new national states that Napolean had established “in Polland, Holland, and parts of Italy.” (Mason 34, 50)
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
wrote What is the Third Estate? Referred to as “Abbe Sieyes” “because of his clerical status.” (Manifesto 70)
Estates General
“an assembly representing the three estates - the clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate” that were convoked by Louis XVI to meet at Versailles “beginning in May 1789, bringing with them the cahiers de doleances, or list of grievances, that voters had drawn up in the electoral assemblies that selected the delegates.” (Mason 25)
Francis Noel Babeuf
wrote, “Analysis of the Doctrine of Babeuf” - yet he “pointed out in his trial for conspiracy against the Republic that [it] had not been composed by him as such, but had been collected and sorted by his followers from various of his statements.” He was executed in 1797, unsuccessful at trying to defend himself “by quoting Rousseau at his judges.” He was “one of the founders of French Socialism,” and “he formed the Society of the Equals to demand France’s renewed commitment to social justice and equality.” (Manifesto 96)
Georges Jacques Danton
one of his speeches was “Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare” - he “delivered his speeches impromptu.” He was France’s Minister of Justice, but he was killed by the guillotine at the command of Robespierre in 1794. (Manifesto 90)
Jacobins
“Society of Friends of the Constitution”; 1791, 430 clubs under this name. Initially reserved for upper bourgeoisie, and only later came to be opened to poorer citizens. Robespierre was a prominent member of this club.
Jean Paul Marat
wrote “Are We Undone?” “He was instrumental in the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and became (with Robespierre and Danton) a member of it as well as of the National Convention.” He was notorious for his advocation of terror - for this is the only way the ruling class would be changed. He was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday while in his bathtub on July 13, 1793. (Manifesto 82)
Louis XVI
beheaded during “Reign of Terror” after having unsuccessfully attempted to flee Paris in disguise; he had refused to sign the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and had originally been the one to convoke the Estates General “to address government reforms and the tax system.” (Mason 25-27)
Louis XVIII
brother of Louis XVI; restored the Bourbon monarchy, and the boundaries of France were returned to how they were in 1790. Issued “a constitutional charter that incorporated many of the changes that had entered into French life and society since 1789, including a degree of freedom of speech and parliamentary government.” (Mason 34)
Maximilien Robespierre
led the Committee of Public Safety after Danton and a leader of “the Terror, responding both to internal enemies and the threat of foreign invasion.” He was guillotined in 1794 after having guillotined thousands himself. (Mason 28, 29)
Montagnards
lit, “mountain men”; comprised of those who occupied high benches in the Convention. They were leaders of the Jacobins, and included the likes of Robespierre. Faced off against the Girondins. “Do we go to war with Austria?” – no. Radical Jabobins. Come to dominate the National Assembly.
Napoleon Bonaparte
crowned himself Napolean I in 1804 and remained as such for ten years. He had been given command of the French army in 1794 after quenching a royalist uprising in Paris (in 1793). He introduced a massively influential legal code, the Napoleonic Code (which “institutionalized many of the gains of the Revolution, including equality before the law, freedom of religion, and the rights of property owners). He spread ideas of the French Revolution through warfare, while not being himself a revolutionary. He established satellite republics in many areas he conquered, undermined feudal systems of government and instead upheld representative forms of government. “Within France, [he] pursued the middle course of the Directory [established after the death of Robsepierre], trying to preserve the major gains of the Revolution while avoiding a return either to radicalism or to monarchy.” He was defeated in Russia in 1812 after having had his power spread thin, all the time having committed to fight for “liberty, equality, and fraternity.” Lost at Battle of Waterloo, then died in 1821 after having been banished to St. Helena. (Mason, 29-32)
National Assembly
Third estate group who formed their own organization; Constitution of 1791. Still favored an absolute monarchy; constitution actually dissolved Assembly.
Pierre-Sylvain Maréchal
wrote Manifesto of the Equals in 1796. He was a French anarchist and admirer of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Diderot. Wanted to honor the great men of history, in place of saints, with holidays.He joined Babeuf’s Society of the Equals after Robespierre’s fall from power in 1794. In the Manifesto he challenged the new government and advocated for “real equality” (i.e. communism).
Sans-culottes
“men who did not wear aristocratic kneebreeches but flaunted their patriotism with red caps of liberty.” (6) Wanted social revenge. No fancy-pants. (culottes – “knee-breeches”) Peasants. Organized, popular movement. One of the forces behind the radical directions of the revolution.
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789; the demolition of a medieval fortress which released merely seven prisoners, yet was still a signal of the destruction of royal power. The “new era of the Republic.” (Doyle 42)
Tennis Court Oath
“Wherever we meet, there is the nation” - what the newly formed National Assembly (formed from the Third Estate in June 1789) declared in an indoor tennis court.At this they “vowed not to adjourn until France was given a new constitution.” (Mason 26)
Identify both short-term and long-term causes of the Revolutions of 1848
LONG TERM:
- Political Liberalism (i.e. Locke and Rousseau’s ideas of popular sovereignty) and Economic Liberalism (i.e. Adam Smith, limiting of government’s power over the economy)
- Nationalism - idea of nation-state (the people being the nation, and the state being the political community). Giuseppe Mazzini would popularize this concept after 1815 (the year in which the Congress of Vienna took place).
- Socialism
- Philosophes (Kant and Hegel [the latter especially influenced Marx’s ideas]}
- Industrial Revolution (which would introduce poverty in urban centers)
- French Revolution (1789)
- Protestant Reformation (e.g. Act of Supremacy from Henry VIII, which led to England becoming a nation-state (see “Nationalism” above) and the rejection of papal authority.
SHORT TERM:
- The Communist Manifesto (ironically, there were no revolutions that we know of in London even though it was written in London and called for revolution) which called for the urban working class to unite in revolution.
- “Campaign of banquets” (dinner parties in which people in luxury would spend time talking about different issues)
- 1830 Revolution in France (overthrow of Charles X set the precedent; idea of “popular sovereignty” becomes popular)
- Major economic recession and food shortages in 1846-1847; popular unrest (failure of potato crop)
- Political repression by king Louis Philippe, who would not allow broader voting rights.
- National workshops from which workers demanded improved working conditions; the National Assembly tried to close the workshops, but the workers protested and established their own “provisional government” in the Assembly and called for a social revolution.
Describe the changes that took place as a result of the 1848 revolutions
- France came closer to a representative government; monarchy gone, universal manhood suffrage established.
- Serfdom completely gone from Germany and the Hapsburg lands as manorialism was
abolished. - “Prussia got a limited parliament.”
- Some kings in Europe fled, while some stayed to solve the problems that had led to
revolution in the past. - Liberalizing reforms (e.g. in Russia; emancipation of serfs in 1861 by Alexander II).
- Dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy established.
- Revolutions in the Concert of Europe.
- Spread of ideas across Europe (liberal principle of government by consent; nationalism and
national unification [in Germany and Italy]; socialism more popular).
Trace the successive stages of society in Marx’s theory
- Primitive-communal stage
- Slavery
- Feudalism
- Capitalism: will be overthrown by proletarian revolution.
- Communism: classes no longer existent.
Discuss the central ideas in the Communist Manifesto
- Class struggles drive history (thesis).
- The Bourgeoisie has played a crucial part in revolutionary history (see pg. 127).
- Communism is “haunting Europe.”
- There are two hostile classes: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
- Machinery and the division of labor has deprived the proletariat of their individualism; industrial capitalism has taken over.
- Proletariat goes through evolutionary stages.
- The proletariat is the only truly revolutionary class against the bourgeoisie.
- Modern industry has dug its own grave (135); for capitalism thrives by wage-labor, and wage-labor thrives only by competition between workers, and competition is stripped away by modern industry (where less workers are actually needed).
- One sentence summarizes the Communist Manifesto: “abolition of private property.”
(136) - Democracy will only come when the proletariat are raised to the position of ruling class. (141)
- Communism will only come “by the forcible overthrow of existing social conditions.” The Workers of All Lands must UNITE.
Bloody June Days:
June 24 to 26; “several thousand people were killed and eleven thousand insurgents were imprisoned or deported.” (Mason 54)
Concert of Europe:
driven by Prince Clemens von Metternich, this system consisted of England, Russia, Austria, and Prussia (and France in 1818) “to coordinate conservative efforts to squelch any new outbreaks of Bonapartism or revolution” after Napoleon was defeated. (Mason 48, 49)
First International:
also known as the “International Working Men’s Association” of London; a group that Marx joined in 1864. Would later evolve into the Communist Party in the Soviet Union (in the 20th century). Yet it was split at this time by a revolution in Paris in 1870 (the Paris Commune rose up out of this). The “possibility for evolutionary reform” also weakened it, as more and more men left the group as more job opportunities became available (through things such as the English Reform Bill of 1867). (Mason 63)
Friedrich Engels:
(1820-1895) “the German-born manager of a Manchester cotton business [who] provided a crucial link between industrialization and socialism. Even though he was on the top of the industrial hierarchy, [he] was shocked by the poverty in the city and wrote an account of his observations that was published as the Condition of the Working Class in England (1844).” He then met and collaborated with Karl Marx to write The Communist Manifesto in 1848, a book published out of “the Communist League,” which they had joined in 1847. (Mason 43, 44, 60)
July Revolution of 1830:
an uprising in France that was sparked by Charles X’s refusal to acknowledge legislative elections against his “reactionary tendencies” (Charles was attempting to establish an absolutist regime, which would render void much of what had been gained in the 1789 revolution). “Barricades were thrown up and workers, students, and intellectuals massed in the streets, defying the army and the police.” Charles fled in response. Louis Phillippe was put in his place as the new monarch by the revolutionaries, “the king of the French.” The uprising sparked uprisings in Italy, Germany, Spain, and many other countries, with many different results (e.g. Poland was absorbed into Russia). (Mason 51, 52)
Historical materialism:
Marx’s theory that “one can understand history, and one’s particular stage in history, by recognizing the means of production in that society: what it is that produces material things of value.” The owners of these means “form the basis of the class structure of that society.” (Mason 64, 65)
Karl Marx:
born into a middle class family in Germany in 1818; was influenced (“especially in Berlin) by the ideas of Hegel and “radical political thought.” Called for “armed resistance against the government” during the Peoples’ Spring, 1848. Suffered from “chronic mental depression” near the end of his life. Hated capitalism, and thought that human nature would only evolve for the better through the implementation of communism (he believed in “economic determinism”; “that economy determines much else in society”). (Mason 62-69)
Louis Philippe:
Duke of Orleans that was placed by the July revolutionaries (of 1830) on the throne of Charles X. He called himself “the king of the French,” flying “the tricolor flag of the Revolution, not that of the Bourbon lily.” His throning marked the end of the Bourbon bloodline in France. He ended up fleeing, like Charles X, in response to the uprising revolution of 1848. (Mason 51, 52)
Napoleon III:
was elected president by popular election in France after the 1848 revolution in France. He was voted for his democratic ideals. Yet he turned his back on the people, in 1851 “[seizing] absolute control in a coup d’ etat and dissolved the [Constituent] assembly [of France],” declaring himself emperor the next year and taking on this name (his name was originally “Louis Napoleon Bonaparte). Later fought against Austria with Sardinia as his ally. (Mason 54, 87)
Paris Commune:
“a short lived radical revolutionary government” established in 1870 in Paris. Marx and Engels supported it, seeing it as a supporter of communism. (Mason 63)
Proletariat:
“the urban working class” that grew out of the Industrial Revolution. Had interests “at odds with those of the social and economic structures of the old regime.” Marx called them to unite and rise in revolution against the ruling classes. (Mason 37, 47, 62 )
Be able to identify both short-term and long-term causes of the American civil war
SHORT TERM causes:
- Religious revivalism
- Economic transformation: manufacturing and industry developed in the north, while the south’s economy remained overwhelmingly agricultural-based
- Improvements in transportation including steamboats, canals, railroads “opened up the interior for trade and settlement” (The Origins of the Civil War, 9) (Ivy)
LONG TERM causes:
- consitutional laws that declared all men to be “born free and equal” giving the idea that the union was a land dedicated to liberty.
Appomattox Courthouse
This was the scene of the surrender of the Confederate to the North on April 9, 1865 (JAB)
Battle of Antietam
“That invasion would culminate on September 17 in Battle of Antietam. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac battled Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia through a day that saw repeated attacks and counterattacks and missed opportunities to exploit advantages. The combat ended with combined casualties of over twenty-three thousand. Each side suffered more than two thousand battlefield dead, and thousands more would perish from their wounds.” (The Civil War, 42). This was “A strategic victory for the Union, as Lee was forced to return to Virginia. Five days later, Lincoln used the occasion to issue preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.” (42) (JAB)
Battle of Fort Sumter
This was the scene of the first military action in the american civil war, Confederates bombarded the Union fort with artillery. April 12-13. (JAB)
Battle of Gettysburg
1-3 July 1863. This was a turning point in the war. Lee was forced to give up his invasion of the north. Claimed more lives than any previous battle. (JAB)
Missouri Compromise
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line. (libraryofcongress.org, Ivy)
Battle of Shiloh
The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was fought April 6–7, 1862, in Tennessee. A Union army under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack on Grant there. The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day.
