History of Euro Civ Final

Question 1

Elizabeth I:

Answer 1

The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, queen of England after the fall of Bloody Mary. She was a Protestant unlike her Catholic sister Mary. She tried to reach a religious middle ground in the church of England that all but the most extreme Catholics and Protestants could accept. Her reign was marked by persecution of Catholics. (Gonz, 96-99)

On the Elizabethan Settlement: Protestants in England and abroad wanted an end to the persecution they had endured under Mary; Catholics in England and abroad wanted English Catholicism to continue. They settled on . . .the Elizabethan Settlement. Enter the 1559 Book of Common Prayer, a political-ecclesiastical attempt to get both to agree.

In short, the Church of England under Elizabeth, in a commonly-used phrase, looked Catholic but thought Protestant.

Question 2

Elizabeth’s claim to have “the heart and stomach of a king”:

Answer 2

This is a quotation from one of her most famous speeches given before the arrival of the Spanish Armada. She was invited to inspect the troops at Essex when she gave a fiery speech. In the speech she affirmed her trust in the people to fight for their country. She then tells them that she herself will be their captain and fight to the death side by side with them to protect England. Even though she had “the body of a weak, feeble woman” she say she has the “heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too!”

Question 3

Elizabeth as “Supreme Governor” of the Church of England (vs. “Supreme Head”):

Answer 3

As part of the Elizabethan religious settlement in which Elizabeth was made the head of the church, just like her father, she was called the the “supreme governor” instead of “supreme head” to pacify those who were concerned with a woman leading the church.

Question 4

James I (know the year of his accession to the throne):

Answer 4

James was the son of Mary Stuart, the Catholic queen of Scotland. He was already king in Scotland when he became king of England in 1603. He wanted to unite Scotland and England. He was in favor of an absolute monarchy and tried to rule without the help of Parliament as much as he could. He tried to keep up the religious unity Elizabeth had work for but he hated the Puritans. He saw their Presbyterian desires for church government as a threat to his power. During his reign he called the Hampton Court Conference which resulted in little but the KJV. Also, the Gunpowder Plot happen during his reign. According to Gonzalez he wasn’t very popular.

Question 5

John Knox:

Answer 5

He was the main leader of the scottish reformation. He was captured by the French, allies of Scotland, and condemned to death. However, Edward IV of England intervened and rescued him. When Edward died and Mary Tudor came to the throne persecuting the Protestants, Knox left for Switzerland. There he met Calvin and Bullinger. Knox came back to Scotland when Elizabeth took the throne, though they had an unfriendly relationship due to a book by Knox bashing woman leadership [Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women]. Knox ended up arguing with both the queen and lords, but established the Reformed Church of Scotland.

Question 6

Key characteristics of English Renaissance drama (from Keith Jones’s
lecture)

Answer 6

Renaissance Drama is the culmination and pinnacle of the development of the English Renaissance.’
“The works of William Shakespeare are the culmination and pinnacle of the culmination and pinnacle of the English Renaissance”
Other popular renaissance entertainment
cockfighting
bull baiting
bear baiting
seeling doves

Intensely Commercial
the focus of the entertainment was to bring in money
for the writers and especially the owners of the theaters
Intensely Demanding
The scene and its setting demand audience participation
Emotionally Demanding
Linguistically Demanding
Intensely Controversial
Puritans rejected the Drama
Men dressed as women
Over-effusive – and even illegal – costumes.
You had to wear the clothing that fit your station in life in Elizabethan England. Actors, however, were able to wear the clothing of the aristocracy on stage.
Area of Town was suspect – the Liberties.
The playhouses went to the outskirts of London either because they were not allowed to perform or because they wanted to be free from the influence of London.
The outskirts of London were filled with all forms of depravity (prostitution, animal fighting, bars, etc.).
The Master of the Revels
Government Censor in charge of what plays could be shown
The playhouse as safety valve for social angst
The playhouses were useful for allowing people to express their grievances in a controlled area (blow off steam).
Intensely Self-Reflexive
One place where this can be seen is in casting decisions. On the English Renaissance stage, boys played women who often dress as boys. In As You Like It, a boy actor plays a woman; that woman dresses as a man; that woman dressed as a man plays the role of a woman.

Question 7

Lords of the Congregation:

Answer 7

A group of Protestant leaders united under the harsh, pro-Catholic rule of Mary of Guise, the regent for Mary Stuart while she was in France. They promised to serve the word of God and the Church. Mary of Guise persecuted them but they resisted and organized themselves into a church.

Question 8

Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots):

Answer 8

Made Queen as an infant. She was sent to France for education and to be married to a French prince. By the age of 16 she was both consort of France and Queen of Scotland. She also claimed the title Queen of England when Elizabeth came to throne. Elizabeth was claimed to be illegitimate by the Pope so this supposedly made Mary the Queen of England. This made her and Elizabeth sworn enemies. Mother of James I, whose bible we know. Elizabeth I executed her.

Question 9

Puritans

Answer 9

• Wanted to purify the Church (Called puritans because, inspired by Calvinist ideas, they insisted on the need to restore the pure practices and doctrines of the NT)
• Opposed many traditional elements of worship (use of the cross, priestly garments, celebration of communion on an altar)
• Insisted on the need to keep the Lord’s day for religious and charitable practices
• Rejected the Book of Common Prayer (as well as any written prayer; the Lord’s Prayer was to be used as a model, not recited)
• Not opposed to alcohol but very opposed to drunkenness
• Opposed to bishops

Question 10

Spanish Armada:

Answer 10

Failed Spanish attempt to invade England, divine sign of Elizabeth’s Golden England.

The Spanish Fleet (Armada) of Philip II of Spain to defeat English Protestantism and to reconvert England to RCC of 130 assembled ships at Portugal to invade southern England (with duke of Parma at Calai’s help) by way of the English Channel. The plan failed. By ships and royal speech. Elizabeth gave a speech to the troops at Tilbury 8/8/1588. The Spanish ships numbered 130, the English 50; 18,000 soldiers versus 7000. But the English ships were smaller, faster, lower to the water, and close to home ports for supplies. English warships harassed and intercepted the Spanish before they could get the duke’s help. Mobile English fire ships caused havoc among Spanish anchored warships (tortoise losing a fight with fiery hare). The Spanish lost at least ⅔ of their soldiers. Routed, the Spanish gave up attempts to invade England and returned home by way of Scotland and Ireland’s coasts. Severe weather and English attacks destroyed ‘em on the way home. This victory bolstered English pride and the pride of the English in their Queen Elizabeth who inspired a fight that leveled the Spanish superpower: this was a God-given golden age.

Question 11

The Theatre (the building, not theater as an abstract concept)

Answer 11

The Theatre (1576)
Common date for first permanent building built exclusively for theatrical performances.
Actually, the Red Lion was in use from 1567.
Controversial, as above, from Keith Jones’ Lecture:
Puritans, especially, rejected the drama
Men dressed as women
Over-effusive & even illegal costumes
Area of town—the liberties
The Master of the Revels
Government censor
The playhouse as safety valve.

The Globe (1598)
Burbage brothers, with the help of Shakespeare and famous actors, dismantled The Theatre and hid its materials after the landlord sought to reacquire the property to tear down the Theatre and sell its materials for [what?]  FILTHY LUCRE, that’s what.
The Materials that used to be The Theatre were used to build the Globe, which is the theater most commonly linked to Shakespeare.

Question 12

Thirty-Nine Articles

Answer 12

1563 these articles marked the boundaries of the faith. It was a dumbing down of both Calvinist and Catholic faith and showing just the essentials. (JAB, Lecture Notes)

Protestant-bent doctrine wearing Catholic clothes and other practices.
Articles issued under Elizabeth I, during the Elizabethan Settlement of Religion, that were bound into prayer books to ensure clergy were familiar with them. These were meant to serve as doctrinal foundation for the Church of England. These took a strongly Protestant position on matters of doctrine, rejecting many traditional Catholic teachings. But because Elizabeth wanted to reassure English Catholics (remember, the Settlement is a compromise), she kep many more traditional Catholic practices and institutions, like bishops and requirement of robes for clergy. Tough balance.

Question 13

Traditional temporal boundaries of the English Renaissance

Answer 13

These are the boundaries: Battle of Bosworth in 1485 to the closing of the theaters in 1642
Battle of Bosworth (August 22, 1485): end of the War of the Roses, marked the beginning of the English Renaissance. (battle of houses of lancaster and york. Henry Tudor won and married into the other family ( Elizabeth of ending the feud forever and beginning the of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII as spearhead.
The English Renaissance ended with the closing of the theatres of September 2, 1642, near the beginning of the English Civil War.
From Keith Jones’s Lecture:
Actually, it’s a lot more complicated than that. Some scholars have pondered whether this is a distinct period.
“however, these dates are convenient and generally set the outlines of the period” -Jones

Question 14

Albert of Wallenstein

Answer 14

A general who was hired by Emperor Ferdinand II of Germany, to fight fight for him in the 30 years war. His army was later disbanded by Ferdinand because he feared Albert was becoming too powerful. However, later Ferdinand needed the army again and brought it back together. Albert’s army was crushed by the Swedes. After this he decided to negociate with the Protestant enemies. When Ferdinand heard this, he was assassinated.

Question 15

Battle of White Mountain

Answer 15

November 8, 1620.
Fought between the Bohemians under Christian of Anhalt and the combined armies of Ferdinand II, the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholics led by Johann Tserclaes, count of Tilly. victory for Ferdinand II
This marked the end of the Bohemian period of the thirty years’ war

Question 16

Cardinal Mazarin:

Answer 16

Richelieu’s death, in 1642, was followed by that of the king in the following year. Louis XIV was then five years old, and his mother and regent, Anne of Austria, entrusted affairs of state to Cardinal Jules Mazarin, a former collaborator of Richelieu who continued the policies of his predecessor. Therefore, for several decades after the fall of La Rochelle and the other Protestant cities, French Protestants enjoyed religious tolerance. Although Mazarin’s government was marked by repeated conspiracies and rebellions, Protestants were generally not involved in them, and their numbers grew among all social classes. In the countryside there were many Protestants, both among the peasants and among the rural nobility. And in the cities Huguenot intellectuals were accepted into the most distinguished salons.

Question 17

Cardinal Richelieu:

Answer 17

Towards 1622, while Marie de Medici was losing her power, Cardinal Armand de Richelieu was a rising star in the French court. Two years later, he had become the king’s most trusted advisor. He was a wily politician whose main goals were the aggrandizement of the French crown and of his own personal power. Although he was a cardinal of the Church of Rome, his religious policy was not based on theological or confessional considerations, but rather on calculations of convenience. Thus, since he was convinced that the main enemies of the French Bourbons were the Hapsburgs, his interventions in the Thirty Years’ War—consisting mostly of undercover financial support—were in favor of the Protestants and against the Catholic emperor. The same political considerations, however, led Richelieu to an entirely different religious policy in France. He had no qualms about dividing Germany by supporting the Protestant party against the Emperor. But in France the Huguenot party must be destroyed, for they were a cyst within the state. Again, what most concerned Richelieu was not that the Huguenots were Protestant heretics, but rather that Henry IV, in order to guarantee their security, had granted them several fortified cities, and these allowed the Huguenots to declare themselves faithful servants of the crown while retaining the ability to rebel and resist if their rights were violated. Richelieu’s centralizing policies could not tolerate the existence of such independent power within the French state.

Question 18

Charles I:

Answer 18

Son of King James I, following James’s policy against the Virginia Puritans, took a vast portion of Virginia, created the colony of Maryland, and granted it to a Catholic proprietor. Was strongly opposed to the Puritans. Died in English Civil War.

Question 19

Charles II:

Answer 19

Son of Charles I. Was forced to flee the country due to the royalist outbreak in Scotland. After Cromwell’s failed protectorate, Parliament recalled Charles II to his father’s throne. This brought about a reaction against the Puritans. Although Charles at first sought to find a place for Presbyterians within the national church, the new Parliament opposed such projects, and preferred the traditional episcopacy. Thus, the new government restored both the episcopacy and the Book of Common Prayer, and issued laws against dissidents, for whom there was no place in the official church. On his death bed he admitted to being a Catholic.

Question 20

Christian IV of Denmark:

Answer 20

King of Denmark. When Christian IV of Denmark invaded Germany he had to contend with two armies, Maximilian’s and Wallenstein’s. Battles and marches once again ravaged German soil, until Ferdinand II and Christian IV agreed to the Treaty of Lübeck. The Danes withdrew from Germany, having achieved nothing of great consequence, except to bring further suffering to a land already ravaged by war. Thousands of forced conversions to Catholicism followed.

Question 21

Christians of the Desert

Answer 21

[Huguenots who later called themselves “Christians of the Desert” ETS]

French Protestants who were persecuted by King Louis XIV (the Sun King) after the king “issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, abolishing the provisions of the Edict of Nantes, and making it illegal to be a Protestant in France.”
There was a great exodus of Protestants who fled France after the Edict. Officially, there were no more Protestants in France. However, “many who had been outwardly converted held fast to their previous beliefs…. Lacking church buildings, they turned to open fields, or to clearings in the woods” which is what led to them calling themselves “Christians of the Desert.”

Question 22

Edict of Restitution [1629]:

Answer 22

Forced all protestants to reinstate all lands taken from the Catholics to be returned and made Calvinism is illegal.

Question 23

Ferdinand II of Austria:

Answer 23

The Holy Roman Emperor during the 30 years war.

Question 24

Four phases of the Thirty Years’ War:

Answer 24

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
Danish Phase (1625-1629)
Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
French Phase (1635-1648)
Babies Don't Swallow Fish

Question 25

Frederick V of the Palatinate:

Answer 25

Elector of Palatinate who was called on by Bohemia to be their king after the Defenestration of Prague. The Palatinate was mostly Reformed and near by so he was their first choice. When Ferdinand II sent the Catholic League to Bohemia he was deposed.

Question 26

Gustavus Adolphus

Answer 26

King of Sweden
Expelled Danish invaders
A Lutheran
Defended Protestants in Thirty Years’ War
Did not fight for Swedish profit
Helped Evangelical Union win the Thirty Years’ War against the Catholic League

Question 27

James II (James VII of Scotland)

Answer 27

(1685-1688)
Brother and successor of Charles II of England.
“Placed Catholics in positions of power, and decreed the death penalty for any who attended unauthorized worship.” (G 209)
The English rebelled against James I in 1688. They called up William of Orange and his wife Mary, who was the daughter of James. William took over Scotland after James fled to France and Presbyterianism was restored in Scotland.

Question 28

Johann Tilly

Answer 28

• commanded the catholic league’s forces in the thirty years’ war.
• he had a string of important victories against the protestants but was then defeated by forces led by the king gustaves adophus of sweden.

Question 29

Louis XIV of France (1643-1715)

Answer 29

Was known as the “Sun King.”
Ordered the expulsion of all Huguenots (i.e. “Christians of the Desert”) from France (with the Edict of Fontainebleau that abolished the Edict of Nantes). He couldn’t stand heretics.
He wanted the duke of Savoy to expulse all his own (the duke’s) Waldensian subjects.
Mother was Anne of Austria, regent.
He clashed with the pope, proclaiming and defending the liberties of the Gallican church.
He tried to achieve “reunion” (conversion to Catholicism), first by attempting to persuade the Protestants in France and put mild pressure on them. Then he tried to pay them to become Catholics. Finally, he used the French army to force this “reunion” on them, and thousands were converted to Catholicism in some areas. Then he ordered the Edict of Fontainebleau (see above).
This Edict would cause great economic loss for France, since many of these Huguenots were artisans and merchants. Some suggest that this economic loss was one cause of the French Revolution.

Question 30

Magdeburg:

Answer 30

This city in northern Germany was besieged by the Catholic League, in hopes that Gustavus Adolphus would come to its rescue and fall into a trap. Adolphus, expecting the trap, did not come and the Catholic League massacred the city.

Question 31

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 31

Lord Protector (or King) of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oliver had a religious experience and became a puritan. He fought for the Parliamentarians won a lot of battles. He became king “against his will”, but still advocated for a republic. He tried to reform the church and state, but his efforts ultimately failed. He was known as a devout Christian, but was also a ruthless ruler.

Question 32

Peace of Prague (1635)

Answer 32

“The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635 was a treaty between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony representing most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire. It effectively brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years’ War; however, the combat actions still carried on due to the continued intervention on German soil by Spain, Sweden, and, from mid-1635, France, until the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648.”

Question 33

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Answer 33

Put an end to the Thirty Years’ War.

Due to Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, who was much more tolerant than his father Ferdinand II.

Question 34

Siege of La Rochelle (1627-1628)

Answer 34

A war between the French and the Huguenots (the defenders of the city La Rochelle). At the end of it only 1,500 of original its original 25,000 inhabitants were living. The French destroyed the city’s fortifications and celebrated Catholic mass in every church in La Rochelle.
This war resulted from Cardinal Armand de Richelieu’s desire to rid of the Huguenots. They had been granted many fortified cities by Henry IV. This allowed for the possibility that they could rise up and rebel against the French state. And “Richelieu’s centralizing policies could not tolerate the existence of such independent power within the French state.”

Question 35

Thomas Hobbes (know the main point of his Leviathan, as well)

Answer 35

He seemed to have “a materialistic, deterministic, and possibly even atheistic” philosophy. He was a “mechanical philosopher, “propound[ing] a complete philosophy - of matter, of man, and of the state - according to mechanistic principles.”
“Although the details of his mechanical philosophy were not very influential among natural philosophers, his mechanical account of the human soul and his thoroughly deterministic account of the natural world alarmed the more orthodox thinkers of his day.” (Science and Religion, 148)
“Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature (“the war of all against all”) could only be avoided by strong undivided government”

Question 36

William Laud

Answer 36

“One of the most bitter opponents of Puritanism.” (G 200)
Made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.
Loved Anglican worship, and thought the Puritans should too. Seeking religious uniformity, he issued “death warrants and orders of mutilation” on the Puritans among other things.
Because of this zeal for uniformity Charles I of England “gave Laud full powers in Scotland.” Laud tried to impose the Anglican liturgy on the Presbyterian church there, which “resulted in a riot that soon grew into a rebellion.
The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland would not comply, so war came about (as would the Long Parliament).
Laud would be executed in 1645 by Parliament. (G 204)

Question 37

Be familiar with the three uses of the term “secularism” from Taylor’s Secular Age

Answer 37

1. Public Spaces: various spheres of activity we function in: economic, political, educational, etc., generally don’t refer us to God or to any religious beliefs. They have been emptied of God, or of any reference to ultimate reality.
2. Personal Faith: “consists in the falling off of religious belief and practice, in turning away from God, and no longer going to church.” p2
3. Conditions of Belief: “a move from a society where belief in God is challenged and indeed, unproblematic, to one in which it is understood to be one option among others, and requently not the easiest to embrace.” (closely related to #2, and not without connection to #3)

Question 38

Be familiar with the central ideas of Cavanaugh’s article on the Wars of Religion

Answer 38

“The creation of religion was necessitated by the new State’s need to secure absolute sovereignty over its subjects. I hope to challenge the soteriology of the modern State as peacemaker, and show that Christian resistance to State violence depends on a recovery of the Church’s disciplinary resources” (Cavanaugh, 1).

a. Development of the term “religion”
Medieval Religio: a virtue practiced by Christians within the Church to God
Modern Religio: interiorized, removed from the Church, defined as systems of belief instead of virtue, made into a concept manipulated by the sovereign for the benefit of the state
(Cavanaugh, 1-5)
b. Discipline within the Church as the solution to State absolutism
“the Christian way to resist institutionalized violence is to adhere to one another as Church, to act as a disciplined Body in witness to the world.”

“The ecclesial base communities in Latin America come together as Church to incarnate disciplined communities of peace and justice without waiting for an illusory influence on the State while the poor go hungry.93 And the very Eucharistic practices by which the world is fed in turn join people into one Body which transcends the limits of the nation-state. To recognize Christ in our sisters and brothers in other lands, the El Salvadors, Panamas and Iraqs of the contemporary scene, is to begin to break the idolatry of the State, and to make visible the Body of Christ in the world.”
(Cavanaugh, 10)
c. Inversion of church’s dominance over civil authorities
State breaks from church dominance by Reformed Two Kingdoms, church eliminated from public sphere dominance, religion privatized and established by ruler (cuis regio, eius religio) a centralized state that asserted dominance over the Church to secure unrivaled authority. Separating religion from politics is a creation of Western modernity designed to tame the church.

“the dominance of the State over the Church in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries allowed temporal rulers to direct doctrinal conflicts to secular ends. The new State required unchallenged authority within its borders, and so the domestication of the Church. Church leaders became acolytes of the State as the religion of the State replaced that of the Church, or more accurately, the very concept of religion as separable from the Church was invented.”
(Cavanaugh,1- 6)
d. The State’s use of and dependence on violence to maintain dominance
and unity:

State’s absolute sovereignty within a defined territory carried with it an increase in the use of war to expand and consolidate borders.
[The State] demands access to our bodies and our money to fuel its war making apparatus. The State is implicated in much more than the maintenance of public order.
(Cavanaugh, 7)
e. Thomas Hobbes’s contribution to conceptions of secular authority:
Hobbes’ two crucial moves in domesticating the Church were to make individuals adhere to the sovereign instead of to one another, and to deny the international character of the Church.

Conceived of Religion as deriving from fear and need of security. In hopes of peace, he united Church and State. He denied the international character of the Church and said there are as many Churches as there are Christian states since the Sovereign is supreme pastor, priest, prophet. He also contends that members of a Church, the Body of Christ, is dependent only on the sovereign. The Church is thus scattered, absorbed into the body of the State.
(Cavanaugh, 5-6, 10)
f. Traditional secular narrative of religious wars
“The modern, secularized State arose to keep peace among the warring, bloody, religious factions.”
(Cavanaugh, 1)
g. Wars of religion as the “birthpangs of the State”
“These wars were not simply a matter of conflict between “Protestantism” and “Catholicism,” but were fought largely for the aggrandizement of the emerging State over the decaying remnants of the medieval ecclesial order. to call these conflicts “Wars of Religion” is an anachronism, for what was at issue in these wars was the very creation of religion as a set of privately held beliefs without direct political relevance. The creation of religion was necessitated by the new State’s need to secure absolute sovereignty over its subjects”
(Cavanaugh, 1)