History Of Microbiology Flashcards
4 stages/Era of history of microbiology
1st the era of speculation from 5000 Bc – 1675
2nd, the era of observation from 1675 – mid –
19th C.
3rd, the era of cultivation from mid – 19th C - beginning of 20th C
4th the era of philosophical study from early 2oth C – Now
Infection is about ……. Of pre and post hospital admission.
Infection is about 70% of pre and post hospital admission.
Hx of Microbiology is:
Founded upon two pillars of ……. and ……..
Hx of Microbiology is:
Founded upon two pillars of craft and philosophy
First was the craft of food ……….and ………
First was the craft of food preservation and fermentation
In the era of speculation, Cicero opined that…………
In the era of speculation, Cicero opined that fevers, were caused by the multiplication of minute animals;
Fracastorius wrote of……
then came fracastorius who wrote of “contagium vivum”
Infection is about…….of pre and post hospital admission. Hx of Microbiology is:
Infection is about 70% of pre and post hospital admission. Hx of Microbiology is:
In the era of observation 1675 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
Published his work in animalcules (bacteria)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Worked on fermentation, cultivation in liquid media, sterilization, attenuated vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
Paul ehrlich, Elie matchnikoff and dfeiffer
Chemotherapeutic compounds like trypan red
Paul ehrlich
Salvarsan- used to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis
In 1935 Domagk discovered…….
In 1935 Domagk discovered prontosil Red, which was non-toxic to mammals but killed streptococci, Neisseria and other bacteria.
In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered
In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
In 1939, sir, Howard Florey at Oxford…..
In 1939, sir, Howard Florey at Oxford, extracted and purified Penicillin from its fungus.
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
Use of 1st solid media
1st described bacterial endospores in anthrax
Stained tubercle bacilli with alkaline methylene
blue
Originated the Koch’s postulates.
The germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)
Pasteurization (sterilization).
Fermentation
Barterial culture in liquid media
Attenuated vaccines from anthrax, rabies and fowl cholera (Pasteurella septica).
1882 – Ziehl introduced…..
1882 – Ziehl introduced phenol in place of aniline water for staining tubernacle bacilli
1883 – Neelsen described his modification of ziehls method by…..
1883 – Neelsen described his modification of Ziehl’s method by introducing hot carbol fuchsin and 15% H2S04 as decolorizing agent.
1884 – Danish Pathologist, Hans Christian Gram……
1884 – Danish Pathologist, Hans Christian Gram – introduced the technique of counter-staining after decolorization (This is the birth of G+ and G- bacteria)
1900 – MacConkey……
1900 – MacConkey – described the 1st solid differential medium.
1916 – McIntosh and Fildes……
1916 – McIntosh and Fildes – invented the McIntosh & Fildes Anaerobic Jar
Frederick Griffith (1879 – 1941) and O.T. Avery (1877 – 1953) discovered….
Frederick Griffith (1879 – 1941) and O.T. Avery (1877 – 1953) discovered Transformation in bacteria.
1947 – Tatum and Joshua Lederberg discovered Conjugation…..
1947 – Tatum and Joshua Lederberg discovered Conjugation; they coined the terms fertility Plus
(F+) for donor cells and fertility minus (F-) for receptor cells.
1961 – Prof. T. Watanabe…..
1961 – Prof. T. Watanabe – Elucidated the phenomenon of the “infectious drug resistance”
