History of Land Use Planning Flashcards
What happened in 1785?
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was passed by the U.S. Congress and provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. Daniel Elazar called the rectangular survey “the largest single act of national planning in our history and the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic”. It laid out the process by which lands west of the Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold. The method of creating townships and sections within townships was used for all U.S. land after 1785.
What happened in 1855?
The first “model tenement” was built in Manhattan. A tenement is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access.
What happened in 1862?
The Homestead Act opened lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence. The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War in 1862, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to live on and “improve” their plot by cultivating the land.
What did the New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association do and when?
The New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association mounted a campaign in 1864 to raise housing and sanitary standards. In 1864, a group of New York City physicians began to survey the sanitary conditions in the city. Their efforts inspired the Citizen’s Association — a voluntary group of wealthy New Yorkers concerned with city governance — to form a Council of Hygiene and Public Health and underwrite a full survey of the city.
When and where was the first major tenement house law restricting physical conditions?
The Tenement House Act of 1867 in New York legally defined a tenement for the first time and set construction regulations; among these were the requirement of one toilet (or privy) per 20 people.
When and where was the beginning of land use zoning in the US?
In 1867, San Francisco passed the first land use zoning restriction which prohibited specific obnoxious uses in certain districts.
When and where was the debut of the Dumbbell Tenement?
In 1879, the dumbbell tenement - A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York, and notorious for poor living conditions (lack of light, air, space). A dumbbell tenement, also called an Old Law Tenement, was an apartment building that was indented about 3 feet or so inward at the middle in order to provide more light and fresh air to the dwelling. The precursor to this wave of new buildings was the 1867 Tenement House Act which required each room to have a window. With the new design (proposed in 1879) of the classic building, there was supposed to be an increase in sanitation and health. However, people tended to just treat the new spaces as a giant trash can and helped fires spread more easily. Whether it was bad design or misuse of the property, dumbbell tenements came to be viewed as dumb things.
When was Pullman, Illinois built and what is its significance?
Pullman, Illinois was built in 1880-84. Pullman, Illinois, developed in the 1880s just outside the Chicago city limits, was one of the largest and most substantial early company towns in the United States. Entirely company-owned, the town provided housing, stores, a library, churches, and entertainment for 6,000 company employees and many dependents. The town was developed by George Mortimer Pullman, an American engineer and industrialist who designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeper and luxury rail cars.
Who published ‘How the Other Half Lives’? When? What is its signifance?
Jacob Riis published ‘How the Other Half Lives’ in 1890. It was a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform. Riis used photojournalism to document squalid living conditions in the New York City slums (and tenements).
When and where did the World’s Columbian Exposition happen?
The World’s Columbian Exposition was a world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, held in Jackson Park, was a large water pool representing the voyage Columbus took to the New World. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the “White City”, with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. It was a source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.
What is the City Beautiful Movement?
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the progressive social reform movement in North America under the leadership of the upper-middle class concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an “architectural design cult.” The World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago is often credited with ushering in the City Beautiful movement.
Who published ‘Tomorrow A Peaceful Path to Real Reform?’
In 1898, Ebenezer Howard published ‘Tomorrow A Peaceful Path to Real Reform,’ which was the start of the Garden City Movement. It was re-printed in 1902 as ‘Garden Cities of Tomorrow.’ His book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). Howard illustrated the idea with his “Three Magnets” diagram. His ideas were conceived for the context of a capitalist economic system, and sought to balance individual and community needs.
What is the Garden City Movement?
The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Ebenezer Howard first posited the idea in 1898 as a way to capture the primary benefits of the countryside and the city while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both.
When did the first building height restriction go into effect?
The first state court support for building height restrictions was enacted in 1899.
What is the Tenement House Act of 1901?
a New York State Progressive Era law which outlawed the construction of the dumbbell-shaped style tenement housing and set minimum size requirements for tenement housing. It also mandated the installation of lighting, better ventilation, and indoor bathrooms. It is the legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the “Dumbbell Tenement.”
What is Letchworth?
Letchworth was the first English Garden City, founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1903 based on the ideas he set out in his 1898 book, ‘To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path To Real Reform’. Letchworth was a stimulus to the New Town movement in America.
What did Daniel Burnham do in 1903?
Daniel Burnham developed the first local civic center plan for Cleveland in 1903.
What did Daniel Burnham do in San Francisco?
Daniel Burnham’s 1906 ‘Plan for San Francisco’ was the first application of ‘City Beautiful’ principles to a major American city. In response to the overcrowded, disorderly conditions of San Francisco, Burnham was invited to draft a plan for San Francisco. On April 18, 1906 an earthquake and resulting fire decimated much of the city, providing a perfect chance to implement Burnham’s plan.
When and where was the first comprehensive city survey.
The first comprehensive city survey occurred in Pittsburgh in 1907.
When and where was the first official planning board?
The first official, local, and permanent planning board came about in Hartford, Connecticut in 1907.
When and where was the first national conference on city planning?
The first National Conference on City Planning took place in Washington, D.C. in 1909.
