History of LA Midterm

Question 1

The most arid desert in Latin America (in fact, in the world) is:

Answer 1

the Atacama desert of northern Chile

Question 2

Of Mexico’s territory, _____ percent is suitable for farming.

Answer 2

10

Question 2

Latin America’s great river system, especially the Amazon, Orinoco,and Rio de la Plata,
have helped integrate the region economically because they flow through densely
populated regions. (T/F)

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Andes is/are what? and located where?

Answer 3

mountains running along the western edge of South America

Question 5

The Latin American nation with the greatest petroleum reserves was:

Answer 5

Mexico

Question 5

Brazil’s huge, tropical Amazon basin is good/bad for use for agriculture?

Answer 5

is surprisingly poor for agriculture because of the acidity of the soil and the excess rainfall

Question 6

Name some important natural resources of Brazil?

Answer 6

sugar, coffee, gold and diamonds

(but Petroleum is NOT)

Question 7

Caudillismo refers to

Answer 7

strongman political rule, usually by a military man

Question 8

Audiencias were:

Answer 8

colonial courts with broad territorial jurisdiction

Question 10

The Tupac Amaru Revolt and the Haitian slave revolt lead to …

Answer 10

heightened Creole fear of racial conflict

Question 10

A Latin American federalist wanted:

Answer 10

provincial home rule under a weaker central government

Question 11

According to Bushnell and Macaulay, foreign imperialists imposed economic dependency
on Latin America during and immediately after independence. (T/F)

Answer 11

False; The authors reject the theory that Europeans, especially the British, made Latin
America economically dependent. Bushnell and Macaulay prefer instead to focus on
factors internal to the region as explanations for the turmoil and economic difficulties the
new nations experienced

Question 12

Miguel Hidalgo (with what country/event?)

Answer 12

Mexico; With the “Grito de Dolores,” Miguel Hidalgo started the social revolution thatMexico marked the first phase of the movement toward Mexican independence

Question 13

Latin American liberals generally supported all which of these: freedom of the press, religious tolerance, abolition of the Inquisition; elimination of free trade.

Answer 13

freedom of the press, religious tolerance, abolition of the Inquisition; BUT NOT:
elimination of free trade.

Question 14

Simon Bolívar (with what country/event?)

Answer 14

Venezuela; A native of Venezuela, Bolivar helped liberate his homeland and most of the
rest of Andean South America, except Chile.

Question 15

Augustin de Iturbide (with what country/event?)

Answer 15

Mexico ; General Iturbide brought about Mexican independence through anearly
bloodless coup when he announced the “Plan of Iguala.”

Question 16

Dom Pedro (with what country/event?)

Answer 16

Brazil; Left by his father in Brazil, Dom Pedro refused to return to Portugal and
eventually declared Brazil independent, with himself as emperor.

Question 17

Jose de San Martín (with what country/event?)

Answer 17

Chile; After leading an army across the Andes into Chile, San Martin helped liberate that
nation and then played a major role in the independence of Peru.

Question 18

The book speaks of a corporatist society, by which it means a society:

Answer 18

divided by profession, such as clergy, military, merchants,etc.

Question 19

One of the basic tensions in post-independence Latin America was between liberals and
conservatives. The principal issue which divided them was:

Answer 19

the status of the Roman Catholic Church

Question 20

A fuero was a:

Answer 20

set of special legal privileges belonging to a group such as the church

Question 21

After returning from Bolivia, Bolívar instituted a constitution for Gran Colombia which made the president similar to a:

Answer 21

Monarch

Question 22

What were some elements of discontent underlying the independence
movement in the Spanish American colonies?

Answer 22

ideology of the American and French Revolutions; tightening of administrative control
over the colonies; increased tax collection; the Spaniards’ discrimination against the
Creoles
NOT: increased appointment of Creoles to colonial political posts

Question 23

Early presidents of Peru and Bolivia tended to be:

Answer 23

military officers

Question 24

Who created the constitutional system in Chile which lasted from 1833 to 1925?

Answer 24

Diego Portales

Primarily working behind the scenes, Diego Portales established acentralized Chilean state, based on the Constitution of 1833. Although more liberal than Portales might have desired, the state rested on institutional rather than personal force, and it became a “model of political stability in Latin America.”

Question 25

War between Mexico and the United States broke out in 1846 because:

Answer 25

President Polk wanted to expand into Texas and California

Question 26

Which 4 modern nations were part of Bolívar’s Gran Colombia?

Answer 26

Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama

Question 27

The first ruler of independent Mexico was:

Answer 27

Augustín de Iturbide; control of the army enabled Iturbide to liberate Mexico from Spain and become the head of the five-man committee that was to rule until aEuropean nobleman could be selected to become the monarch. However,Iturbide’s ambitions led him to use the army to seize power and declare himself emperor.

Question 28

Bolívar’s vice-president and effective ruler of Gran Colombia was:

Answer 28

Francisco de Paula Santander

Santander governed Gran Colombia for Bolivar, attempting to carry out a moderately liberal agenda in the new nation.

Question 29

Paez

Answer 29

was the leader of Venezuela, llanero, caudillo

Question 30

O’Higgins

Answer 30

who assisted San Martin in the liberation of Chile.

Question 31

Sucre

Answer 31

the general who won the decisive battle against royalist forces in Peru at Ayacucho 1824; Bolivia’s first president

Question 32

An inquilino was:

Answer 32

a landless farm laborer in Chile

Question 33

In 1836, Bolivia entered a political federation with which nation?

Answer 33

Peru

Question 34

Mexicans overthrew Emperor Agustín I less because he was a monarch than because he:

Answer 34

behaved dictatorially

Question 35

Using his popularity among the llaneros, José Antonio Páez became president of:

Answer 35

Venezuela; A hero of independence, Paez managed to translate his fame into political power in Venezuela. It helped, however, that he was a llanero himself, and thus represented the interests of the herdsmen and backlanders.

Question 36

The dominant figure in Mexico between independence and the War of the Reform was:

Answer 36

Antonio López de Santa Anna; President nine times, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna symbolized the Age of Caudillos in Mexico. A regional military leader, he exploited the turmoil following independence to rise to supreme political power, but his actions did little to create stability in Mexico.

Question 37

In the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 1848) Mexico agreed to …

Answer 37

give up its claim to the northern half of its territory

Question 38

The intellectual force behind Mexican conservatism was:

Answer 38

Lucas Alamán

Question 39

For several decades after independence, the Mexican economy declined,in part because:

Answer 39

poor transportation networks hindered shipment of goods AND silver production dropped

Question 40

In his policy toward the creole elite of Paraguay, Jose Gaspar de Francia:

Answer 40

tried to eliminate it through laws on marriage and immigration

Question 41

Dom Pedro brought about Brazilian independence by:

Answer 41

declaring that he would remain in Brazil as emperor

Question 42

A principal difference between Paraguay under Francia and Paraguay under Carlos Antonio López was that:

Answer 42

López placed greater emphasis on technological modernization

Question 43

In Paraguay, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia’s policies included:

Answer 43

primitive state socialism, isolation, AND imposition of a rough social equality

Question 44

To replace Brazil’s slaves, abolitionists proposed to:

Answer 44

promote immigration from Europe

Question 45

Reasons for Dom Pedro I’s unpopularity by 1830 included:

Answer 45

the growing number of Portuguese residents in Brazil, his opposition to slavery, AND his handling of disputes over Uruguay

Question 46

Soon after independence, slaves made up about _____ percent of Brazil’s population.

Answer 46

30

Question 47

The Brazilian economy suffered from:

Answer 47

the declining fortunes of its sugar industry

Question 48

The interior Argentine provinces resented Buenos Aires province because it:

Answer 48

collected tariff duties on imported goods going to the interior but spent the tariff revenue only on Buenos Aires province

Question 50

The Rosas regime:

Answer 50

despised “Vile, Filthy, Savage Unitarios”; rallied support through propaganda against the Unitarios; became a nationalist hero by standing up against French and British boycotts

Question 51

The Brazilian constitution of 1824 provided for:

Answer 51

four branches of government, a two-house legislature, AND state support of Catholicism but some tolerance of other religious denominations; (NOT abolition of slavery)

Question 51

Bernardino Rivadavia’s program can best be described as:

Answer 51

liberal; It attacked the status of the Church, tried to abolish the ecclesiastical and military fueros, pushed for religious freedom, created a stock exchange, and established the University of Buenos Aires. This represented a clear break with the region’s traditional colonial past.

Question 52

Who led the overthrow of Juan Manuel Rosas?

Answer 52

Justo José de Urquiza

Question 53

Brazil continued the slave trade despite British pressure because:

Answer 53

planters considered free labor too costly and scarce

Question 54

As governor of Buenos Aires province, Juan Manuel de Rosas, wielded dictatorial powers because:

Answer 54

the Argentine Congress and people gave them to him

Question 55

A masterpiece of Brazilian literature is Euclides da Cunha’s account of a messianic movement. Its title is:

Answer 55

Rebellion in the Backlands

Question 56

The economic growth which Latin America experienced after mid-century was: (compared to US and Europe)

Answer 56

less impressive than in the U.S. and Europe

Question 57

The philosophical approach to society that Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer espoused and championed in Latin America under the banner of”order and progress” was:

Answer 57

positivism

Question 59

3 Important supporters/allying groups of the Porfirio Díaz regime in Mexico were:

Answer 59

the military, Church and Cientificos: A general himself, Díaz had the backing of Mexico’s military. The Catholic hierarchy cooperated with the regime to protect its own power base in the country. The Científicos were positivist intellectuals,businessmen, and others who supported Díaz because they believed his dictatorship could bring progress and stability to Mexico.

Question 60

The War of the Pacific was a conflict that pitted who against who? for what reason?

Answer 60

Chile against Peru and Bolivia (secret alliance)

Chile, Bolivia and Peru fought over the nitrate fields of the Atacama desert. Chile won.

Question 60

The years 1888 and 1889 are important in Brazilian history because

Answer 60

A republic replaced the monarchy AND Brazil abolished slavery

Question 61

By 1850 the most important part of most Latin American economies was:

Answer 61

the import-export sector

Question 63

Throughout Latin America, the emphasis upon imports and exports tended to favor what type of political philosophy?

Answer 63

liberalism

Question 64

For upper- and middle-class Latin Americans of the second half of the nineteenth century, the primary cultural model was which country?

Answer 64

France; With the triumph of liberalism, the Latin American elite no longer saw Spain as a cultural model.

Question 65

The greatest of Latin American modernist poets was:

Answer 65

Rubén Darío

Question 65

One of Maximilian’s chief weaknesses as emperor of Mexico was that:

Answer 65

he was too liberal to please many of his early conservative supporters

Question 66

One significant result of radical Colombian liberalism was that:

Answer 66

its emphasis upon liberty made the country ungovernable ; the liberals themselves were divided into factions, including the Golgotas,Draconians, and working class. Each had its own objectives, and the resulting turmoil, when coupled with the liberals’ insistence on freedom, made for political instability.

Question 67

Mexican conservatives responded to La Reforma by

Answer 67

conspiring to establish a monarchy in Mexico

Question 68

The Lerdo Law, passed in 1856, posed greatest danger to the interests of which of the following?

Answer 68

the Church; prohibited corporate ownership of land. The liberals who passed the law intended it to force the Church to divest itself of its huge landholdings.

Question 69

The role played by Rafael Núñez in Colombia is probably most similar to that of _____ in Mexico.

Answer 69

Porfirio Díaz

Question 70

By abolishing the _____, the Juárez Law of 1855 attempted to establish the liberal principle of equality before the law in Mexico.

Answer 70

military and ecclesiastical fueros; The fueros, dating back to colonial times, existed in Mexican law until abolished in 1855. Liberals such as Juarez saw them as one of the basic obstacles to creating civil equality

Question 71

Liberal president Porfirio Díaz ended up establishing what type of government/leadership in Mexico?

Answer 71

a dictatorship

Question 72

Austrian Archduke Maximilian wore the Mexican crown from 1864 to 1867 for all the following reasons:

Answer 72

conservatives believed that a monarch would protect their interests and bring stability to the country; Napoleon III of France supported him; AND the U.S. was distracted by its Civil War; (NOT :no liberal leader emerged to replace Juárez, who was killed in the War of the Reform)

Question 74

Important figures in the period known as La Reforma in Mexico included

Answer 74

Miguel Lerdo de Tejada (Ley Lerdo- vs church land ownership 1856); Melchor Ocampo (Plan de Ayala to overthrow Santa Ana 1855); Benito Juárez (Ley Juarez-vs fueros 1855)

Question 74

All of the following are correct concerning Justo José Urquiza

Answer 74

he led the coalition which defeated Juan Manuel de Rosas (resenting his interference in provinces); although a provincial caudillo himself, he joined with the Unitarian;he was the driving force behind the Argentine Constitutional Convention of 1853 (was a conservative like Rosas- NOT a liberal)

Question 75

The principle the Gólgotas in Colombia most cherished was:

Answer 75

liberty; They believed freedom would inevitably lead to progress, in economics and politics; opposed all fueros- pro individual enterprise without church connection to state.

Question 76

Rivalry between Chile and Peru resulted in the War of the Pacific, in large part because of:

Answer 76

the rich nitrate fields in the Atacama Desert

Question 77

In the years immediately after Rosas’ downfall, _____ replaced leather and jerked beef as Argentina’s primary export.

Answer 77

wool

Question 78

Between 1853 and 1861, Buenos Aires:

Answer 78

refused to join the confederation

Question 79

In 1876 Argentina’s economy received new stimulus when an important technological innovation occurred. What was it?

Answer 79

refrigerated ocean-going transportation

Question 80

The Argentine intellectual who proposed that Argentina overcome its gaucho culture by encouraging the immigration of Europeans was:

Answer 80

Juan Bautista Alberdi

Question 81

Profits from the guano trade were largely controlled by:

Answer 81

the Peruvian government

Question 82

Domingo F. Sarmiento’s principal goal for Argentina was to:

Answer 82

improve the nation’s education

Question 83

Compared with most Latin American nations, Chile’s record of religious tolerance in the nineteenth century was:

Answer 83

Better than most; With the early triumph of liberalism in Chile, the nation moved toward greater religious tolerance than was generally the case in Latin America. In 1865 the state officially adopted a law granting religious tolerance to Protestants and a decade later it abolished the ecclesiastical fuero.

Question 84

Although Argentina attracted large numbers of immigrants,

Answer 84

few were able to become landholders; Most immigrants stayed in Argentina, although many Italians were seasonal migrants.

Question 85

In the War of the Triple Alliance, Brazil fought:

Answer 85

Paraguay

Question 86

Brazil’s leading entrepreneur of the nineteenth century, ruined by the government’s restrictive financial and monetarist policies during the 1870s, was:

Answer 86

Baron of Mauá

Question 87

The new political party which emerged to battle the Liberals and the Conservatives for control of Brazil was the:

Answer 87

Brazilian Republican Party

Question 88

By the second half of the nineteenth century, the most economically dynamic region of Brazil was the:

Answer 88

Sao Paulo region

Question 89

Why did many of Paulo’s economic and political leaders resent the imperial government?

Answer 89

paulistas considered their province underrepresented in the national parliament; tax revenues from Paulo subsidized other parts of Brazil

Question 90

To provide gradual emancipation of the slaves and compensation to the slaveowners, the Brazilian legislature passed the _____ in 1871.

Answer 90

Rio Branco Law; sometimes known as the “Free-Womb”law, meant that the offspring of slave women were free

Question 91

One of the leading Brazilian abolitionists was

Answer 91

Joaquim Nabuco de Araújo

Question 92

Passage of the Queiroz Law meant that:

Answer 92

slavery would inevitably die out in Brazil; 1850 prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa.

Question 93

Put in proper chronological sequence? Saraiva-Cotegipe Act, Queiroz Law, Rio Branco Law, founding of Republican Party

Answer 93

Queiroz Law (vs slave import), 1850; founding of the Republican Party, 1870; Rio Branco Law (free womb), 1871; and Saraiva-Cotegipe Law (old slaves free),1885.

Question 94

During the second half of the nineteenth century in Brazil, economic expansion and mild inflation led to? … in which regions?

Answer 94

a better standard of living, on average, for Brazilians outside the Northeast; Rising income levels outstripped the inflation throughout Brazil,except in the Northeast, which remained poor and backward. Brazil did not experience a prolonged depression following independence.

Question 95

Sentiment for Cuban independence flourished among:

Answer 95

non-sugar planters

Question 96

Around the middle of the nineteenth century, Cuba’s economy was:

Answer 96

very prosperous; output rose to a quarter of the world’s sugar, although this achievement was built on continued importation of African slaves.

Question 98

Cuban sugar planters competed for land with:

Answer 98

Nothing/no other crop; the island was large enough that there was a surplus of land available for agriculture.

Question 99

By the 1850s many Cuban slaveholders wanted to be part of …

Answer 99

the U.S.; Only after the American Civil War, and the U.S. elimination of slavery, did Cubans begin to think seriously of independence.

Question 99

Spain’s last two American possessions, lost in 1898, were

Answer 99

Puerto Rico and Cuba

Question 100

William Walker was:

Answer 100

a filibuster; pro-slavery; president of Nicaragua

Question 101

Among the Central American nations, the only one of sufficient population to carry much international weight was:

Answer 101

Guatemala

Question 102

U.S. and British rivalry in Central America arose in part from their

Answer 102

desire to control any canal which might link the Atlantic and Pacific

Question 103

Results of Cuba’s Ten Years’ War for independence included all the following

Answer 103

amnesty for those who rebelled; freedom for many slaves; continued status as part of the Spanish Empire (it did NOT gain independence for 20 more years)

Question 104

A basic cause of contention between Cuba and Spain during the nineteenth century was

Answer 104

slavery