History of LA Midterm Flashcards
The most arid desert in Latin America (in fact, in the world) is:
the Atacama desert of northern Chile
Of Mexico’s territory, _____ percent is suitable for farming.
10
Latin America’s great river system, especially the Amazon, Orinoco,and Rio de la Plata,
have helped integrate the region economically because they flow through densely
populated regions. (T/F)
False
The Andes is/are what? and located where?
mountains running along the western edge of South America
The Latin American nation with the greatest petroleum reserves was:
Mexico
Brazil’s huge, tropical Amazon basin is good/bad for use for agriculture?
is surprisingly poor for agriculture because of the acidity of the soil and the excess rainfall
Name some important natural resources of Brazil?
sugar, coffee, gold and diamonds
(but Petroleum is NOT)
Caudillismo refers to
strongman political rule, usually by a military man
Audiencias were:
colonial courts with broad territorial jurisdiction
The Tupac Amaru Revolt and the Haitian slave revolt lead to …
heightened Creole fear of racial conflict
A Latin American federalist wanted:
provincial home rule under a weaker central government
According to Bushnell and Macaulay, foreign imperialists imposed economic dependency
on Latin America during and immediately after independence. (T/F)
False; The authors reject the theory that Europeans, especially the British, made Latin
America economically dependent. Bushnell and Macaulay prefer instead to focus on
factors internal to the region as explanations for the turmoil and economic difficulties the
new nations experienced
Miguel Hidalgo (with what country/event?)
Mexico; With the “Grito de Dolores,” Miguel Hidalgo started the social revolution thatMexico marked the first phase of the movement toward Mexican independence
Latin American liberals generally supported all which of these: freedom of the press, religious tolerance, abolition of the Inquisition; elimination of free trade.
freedom of the press, religious tolerance, abolition of the Inquisition; BUT NOT:
elimination of free trade.
Simon Bolívar (with what country/event?)
Venezuela; A native of Venezuela, Bolivar helped liberate his homeland and most of the
rest of Andean South America, except Chile.
Augustin de Iturbide (with what country/event?)
Mexico ; General Iturbide brought about Mexican independence through anearly
bloodless coup when he announced the “Plan of Iguala.”
Dom Pedro (with what country/event?)
Brazil; Left by his father in Brazil, Dom Pedro refused to return to Portugal and
eventually declared Brazil independent, with himself as emperor.
Jose de San Martín (with what country/event?)
Chile; After leading an army across the Andes into Chile, San Martin helped liberate that
nation and then played a major role in the independence of Peru.
The book speaks of a corporatist society, by which it means a society:
divided by profession, such as clergy, military, merchants,etc.
One of the basic tensions in post-independence Latin America was between liberals and
conservatives. The principal issue which divided them was:
the status of the Roman Catholic Church
A fuero was a:
set of special legal privileges belonging to a group such as the church
After returning from Bolivia, Bolívar instituted a constitution for Gran Colombia which made the president similar to a:
Monarch
What were some elements of discontent underlying the independence
movement in the Spanish American colonies?
ideology of the American and French Revolutions; tightening of administrative control
over the colonies; increased tax collection; the Spaniards’ discrimination against the
Creoles
NOT: increased appointment of Creoles to colonial political posts
Early presidents of Peru and Bolivia tended to be:
military officers
Who created the constitutional system in Chile which lasted from 1833 to 1925?
Diego Portales
Primarily working behind the scenes, Diego Portales established acentralized Chilean state, based on the Constitution of 1833. Although more liberal than Portales might have desired, the state rested on institutional rather than personal force, and it became a “model of political stability in Latin America.”
War between Mexico and the United States broke out in 1846 because:
President Polk wanted to expand into Texas and California
Which 4 modern nations were part of Bolívar’s Gran Colombia?
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
The first ruler of independent Mexico was:
Augustín de Iturbide; control of the army enabled Iturbide to liberate Mexico from Spain and become the head of the five-man committee that was to rule until aEuropean nobleman could be selected to become the monarch. However,Iturbide’s ambitions led him to use the army to seize power and declare himself emperor.
Bolívar’s vice-president and effective ruler of Gran Colombia was:
Francisco de Paula Santander
Santander governed Gran Colombia for Bolivar, attempting to carry out a moderately liberal agenda in the new nation.
Paez
was the leader of Venezuela, llanero, caudillo
O’Higgins
who assisted San Martin in the liberation of Chile.
Sucre
the general who won the decisive battle against royalist forces in Peru at Ayacucho 1824; Bolivia’s first president
An inquilino was:
a landless farm laborer in Chile
In 1836, Bolivia entered a political federation with which nation?
Peru
Mexicans overthrew Emperor Agustín I less because he was a monarch than because he:
behaved dictatorially
Using his popularity among the llaneros, José Antonio Páez became president of:
Venezuela; A hero of independence, Paez managed to translate his fame into political power in Venezuela. It helped, however, that he was a llanero himself, and thus represented the interests of the herdsmen and backlanders.
The dominant figure in Mexico between independence and the War of the Reform was:
Antonio López de Santa Anna; President nine times, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna symbolized the Age of Caudillos in Mexico. A regional military leader, he exploited the turmoil following independence to rise to supreme political power, but his actions did little to create stability in Mexico.
In the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 1848) Mexico agreed to …
give up its claim to the northern half of its territory
The intellectual force behind Mexican conservatism was:
Lucas Alamán
For several decades after independence, the Mexican economy declined,in part because:
poor transportation networks hindered shipment of goods AND silver production dropped
In his policy toward the creole elite of Paraguay, Jose Gaspar de Francia:
tried to eliminate it through laws on marriage and immigration
Dom Pedro brought about Brazilian independence by:
declaring that he would remain in Brazil as emperor
A principal difference between Paraguay under Francia and Paraguay under Carlos Antonio López was that:
López placed greater emphasis on technological modernization
In Paraguay, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia’s policies included:
primitive state socialism, isolation, AND imposition of a rough social equality
To replace Brazil’s slaves, abolitionists proposed to:
promote immigration from Europe
Reasons for Dom Pedro I’s unpopularity by 1830 included:
the growing number of Portuguese residents in Brazil, his opposition to slavery, AND his handling of disputes over Uruguay
Soon after independence, slaves made up about _____ percent of Brazil’s population.
30
The Brazilian economy suffered from:
the declining fortunes of its sugar industry
The interior Argentine provinces resented Buenos Aires province because it:
collected tariff duties on imported goods going to the interior but spent the tariff revenue only on Buenos Aires province
The Rosas regime:
despised “Vile, Filthy, Savage Unitarios”; rallied support through propaganda against the Unitarios; became a nationalist hero by standing up against French and British boycotts
The Brazilian constitution of 1824 provided for:
four branches of government, a two-house legislature, AND state support of Catholicism but some tolerance of other religious denominations; (NOT abolition of slavery)
Bernardino Rivadavia’s program can best be described as:
liberal; It attacked the status of the Church, tried to abolish the ecclesiastical and military fueros, pushed for religious freedom, created a stock exchange, and established the University of Buenos Aires. This represented a clear break with the region’s traditional colonial past.
Who led the overthrow of Juan Manuel Rosas?
Justo José de Urquiza
Brazil continued the slave trade despite British pressure because:
planters considered free labor too costly and scarce
As governor of Buenos Aires province, Juan Manuel de Rosas, wielded dictatorial powers because:
the Argentine Congress and people gave them to him
A masterpiece of Brazilian literature is Euclides da Cunha’s account of a messianic movement. Its title is:
Rebellion in the Backlands
The economic growth which Latin America experienced after mid-century was: (compared to US and Europe)
less impressive than in the U.S. and Europe
The philosophical approach to society that Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer espoused and championed in Latin America under the banner of”order and progress” was:
positivism
3 Important supporters/allying groups of the Porfirio Díaz regime in Mexico were:
the military, Church and Cientificos: A general himself, Díaz had the backing of Mexico’s military. The Catholic hierarchy cooperated with the regime to protect its own power base in the country. The Científicos were positivist intellectuals,businessmen, and others who supported Díaz because they believed his dictatorship could bring progress and stability to Mexico.
The War of the Pacific was a conflict that pitted who against who? for what reason?
Chile against Peru and Bolivia (secret alliance)
Chile, Bolivia and Peru fought over the nitrate fields of the Atacama desert. Chile won.
The years 1888 and 1889 are important in Brazilian history because
A republic replaced the monarchy AND Brazil abolished slavery
By 1850 the most important part of most Latin American economies was:
the import-export sector
Throughout Latin America, the emphasis upon imports and exports tended to favor what type of political philosophy?
liberalism
For upper- and middle-class Latin Americans of the second half of the nineteenth century, the primary cultural model was which country?
France; With the triumph of liberalism, the Latin American elite no longer saw Spain as a cultural model.
The greatest of Latin American modernist poets was:
Rubén Darío
One of Maximilian’s chief weaknesses as emperor of Mexico was that:
he was too liberal to please many of his early conservative supporters
One significant result of radical Colombian liberalism was that:
its emphasis upon liberty made the country ungovernable ; the liberals themselves were divided into factions, including the Golgotas,Draconians, and working class. Each had its own objectives, and the resulting turmoil, when coupled with the liberals’ insistence on freedom, made for political instability.
Mexican conservatives responded to La Reforma by
conspiring to establish a monarchy in Mexico
The Lerdo Law, passed in 1856, posed greatest danger to the interests of which of the following?
the Church; prohibited corporate ownership of land. The liberals who passed the law intended it to force the Church to divest itself of its huge landholdings.
The role played by Rafael Núñez in Colombia is probably most similar to that of _____ in Mexico.
Porfirio Díaz
By abolishing the _____, the Juárez Law of 1855 attempted to establish the liberal principle of equality before the law in Mexico.
military and ecclesiastical fueros; The fueros, dating back to colonial times, existed in Mexican law until abolished in 1855. Liberals such as Juarez saw them as one of the basic obstacles to creating civil equality
Liberal president Porfirio Díaz ended up establishing what type of government/leadership in Mexico?
a dictatorship
Austrian Archduke Maximilian wore the Mexican crown from 1864 to 1867 for all the following reasons:
conservatives believed that a monarch would protect their interests and bring stability to the country; Napoleon III of France supported him; AND the U.S. was distracted by its Civil War; (NOT :no liberal leader emerged to replace Juárez, who was killed in the War of the Reform)
Important figures in the period known as La Reforma in Mexico included
Miguel Lerdo de Tejada (Ley Lerdo- vs church land ownership 1856); Melchor Ocampo (Plan de Ayala to overthrow Santa Ana 1855); Benito Juárez (Ley Juarez-vs fueros 1855)
All of the following are correct concerning Justo José Urquiza
he led the coalition which defeated Juan Manuel de Rosas (resenting his interference in provinces); although a provincial caudillo himself, he joined with the Unitarian;he was the driving force behind the Argentine Constitutional Convention of 1853 (was a conservative like Rosas- NOT a liberal)
The principle the Gólgotas in Colombia most cherished was:
liberty; They believed freedom would inevitably lead to progress, in economics and politics; opposed all fueros- pro individual enterprise without church connection to state.
Rivalry between Chile and Peru resulted in the War of the Pacific, in large part because of:
the rich nitrate fields in the Atacama Desert
In the years immediately after Rosas’ downfall, _____ replaced leather and jerked beef as Argentina’s primary export.
wool
Between 1853 and 1861, Buenos Aires:
refused to join the confederation
In 1876 Argentina’s economy received new stimulus when an important technological innovation occurred. What was it?
refrigerated ocean-going transportation
The Argentine intellectual who proposed that Argentina overcome its gaucho culture by encouraging the immigration of Europeans was:
Juan Bautista Alberdi
Profits from the guano trade were largely controlled by:
the Peruvian government
Domingo F. Sarmiento’s principal goal for Argentina was to:
improve the nation’s education
Compared with most Latin American nations, Chile’s record of religious tolerance in the nineteenth century was:
Better than most; With the early triumph of liberalism in Chile, the nation moved toward greater religious tolerance than was generally the case in Latin America. In 1865 the state officially adopted a law granting religious tolerance to Protestants and a decade later it abolished the ecclesiastical fuero.
Although Argentina attracted large numbers of immigrants,
few were able to become landholders; Most immigrants stayed in Argentina, although many Italians were seasonal migrants.
In the War of the Triple Alliance, Brazil fought:
Paraguay
Brazil’s leading entrepreneur of the nineteenth century, ruined by the government’s restrictive financial and monetarist policies during the 1870s, was:
Baron of Mauá
The new political party which emerged to battle the Liberals and the Conservatives for control of Brazil was the:
Brazilian Republican Party
By the second half of the nineteenth century, the most economically dynamic region of Brazil was the:
Sao Paulo region
Why did many of Paulo’s economic and political leaders resent the imperial government?
paulistas considered their province underrepresented in the national parliament; tax revenues from Paulo subsidized other parts of Brazil
To provide gradual emancipation of the slaves and compensation to the slaveowners, the Brazilian legislature passed the _____ in 1871.
Rio Branco Law; sometimes known as the “Free-Womb”law, meant that the offspring of slave women were free
One of the leading Brazilian abolitionists was
Joaquim Nabuco de Araújo
Passage of the Queiroz Law meant that:
slavery would inevitably die out in Brazil; 1850 prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa.
Put in proper chronological sequence? Saraiva-Cotegipe Act, Queiroz Law, Rio Branco Law, founding of Republican Party
Queiroz Law (vs slave import), 1850; founding of the Republican Party, 1870; Rio Branco Law (free womb), 1871; and Saraiva-Cotegipe Law (old slaves free),1885.
During the second half of the nineteenth century in Brazil, economic expansion and mild inflation led to? … in which regions?
a better standard of living, on average, for Brazilians outside the Northeast; Rising income levels outstripped the inflation throughout Brazil,except in the Northeast, which remained poor and backward. Brazil did not experience a prolonged depression following independence.
Sentiment for Cuban independence flourished among:
non-sugar planters
Around the middle of the nineteenth century, Cuba’s economy was:
very prosperous; output rose to a quarter of the world’s sugar, although this achievement was built on continued importation of African slaves.
Cuban sugar planters competed for land with:
Nothing/no other crop; the island was large enough that there was a surplus of land available for agriculture.
By the 1850s many Cuban slaveholders wanted to be part of …
the U.S.; Only after the American Civil War, and the U.S. elimination of slavery, did Cubans begin to think seriously of independence.
Spain’s last two American possessions, lost in 1898, were
Puerto Rico and Cuba
William Walker was:
a filibuster; pro-slavery; president of Nicaragua
Among the Central American nations, the only one of sufficient population to carry much international weight was:
Guatemala
U.S. and British rivalry in Central America arose in part from their
desire to control any canal which might link the Atlantic and Pacific
Results of Cuba’s Ten Years’ War for independence included all the following
amnesty for those who rebelled; freedom for many slaves; continued status as part of the Spanish Empire (it did NOT gain independence for 20 more years)
A basic cause of contention between Cuba and Spain during the nineteenth century was
slavery
