History of LA FINAL Flashcards
As a result of the Malvinas defeat 1982:
democracy returned to Argentina; civilians returned to power,with the triumph of Radical candidate Raul Alfonsin.
As president for two terms 1916, 1928, Hipólito Yrigoyen headed the Radical party, which drew its strength primarily from the:
middle class (Argentina)
From 1880 to 1916, _____ dominated Argentina
ranchers and export merchants; provided the goods Argentina exported + meat-packing industry, stimulated by the introduction of refrigerated trans-Atlantic shipping.
Passage of the Saenz Peña Law (Argentina) in 1912 facilitated the electoral victory of the:
radicals; the law democratized the electoral process by providing for secret ballots and requiring all males over 18 to vote– the Radical Civic Union won the presidential election of 1916
The “Dirty War” of the 1970s was:
An extralegal campaign by security forces to eliminate leftists and their sympathizers; As many as 30,000 people died- violence carried out by government security forces and the military.
Events in Argentina in the year 1943 are important because they:
positioned Juan Perón to take power; In the military coup of 1943, the Grupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU) seized power, made Juan Peron minister of labor, he used to build a power base within the working class for his rise to power.
Among the rulers of Argentina during the 1930s was a strong preference for:
European-style fascism; Within the Argentine military was considerable sympathy for fascism, especially on the part of General Uriburu.
Perón drew support from:
industrialists, the working class, Argentine women
As a result of the Depression which began in 1929, in Argentina, who? came to power?:
the military came to power with support from most of the Argentine political spectrum except the Radicals; Argentina’s façade of constitutional rule was destroyed; Yrigoyen was removed from office; (The onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s destroyed the political fabric of Argentina, much as it brought extremist solutions to power in Germany and enhanced the strength of the Italian Fascists.)
Perón became president of Argentina in 1946:
through a free election
Francisco Madero aspired to overthrow the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1911) primarily to:
establish a limited democracy in Mexico
In The Underdogs, what opinion did revolutionists such as Demetrio, Venancio, and Luis Cervantes have of Francisco Madero?
a man who despised them as inferiors and who looked out only for the interests of the elite; chapter XIII of Part One, when Luis Cervantes “now I have what I wanted, you can go back to your picks and shovels, you can resume your hand-to-mouth existence”
Why did conflict between Madero and Zapata center on the agrarian question?
Madero believed that small peasant holdings would harm Mexican agricultural development; Madero had promised land reform; Zapata was obsessed with obtaining land for his people
Besides being revolutionary leaders, Madero, Carranza, Obregón,Zapata, and Villa all had in common the fact that they
died violently
What phase of the Mexican Revolution does Mariano Azuela’s The Underdogs depict?
the war against Huerta; Madero has been overthrown and murdered and the revolutionists are fighting to bring down the Huerta government, the federales
From 1929 until 2000 the PNR (National Revolutionary Party) and its successive incarnations such as the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party):
Won all the presidential elections and essentially provided one-party rule for Mexico
One of the crucial conspirators in Victoriano Huerta’s assassination of Francisco Madero was:
U.S. ambassador to Mexico Henry Lane Wilson; Convinced that Madero could not restore order and would not protect American investments
After Victoriano Huerta was forced into exile in 1914, the revolutionaries were grouped into the following factions:
Villa and Zapata; Carranza and Obregón; First Villa, Zapata, Carranza, and Obregon all fought to overthrow Huerta, then they struggled to control Mexico. Villa in the North and Zapata in the south opposed Carranza and Obregon, who controlled central Mexico
“Cuca” García was:
A leader in the fight for women’s rights in Mexico; United Front for Women’s Rights. She also won aseat in the national Chamber of Deputies.
Given the tone of the novel, originally published in 1915, Azuela considered the Revolution, from the perspective of the underdogs:
cruel and futile; Azuela portrays the Revolution as a bloody, heartless conflict; In the end Demetrio dies,leaving the reader with no sense that his life and death have really accomplished anything.
The administration of Lázaro Cárdenas 1934 was popular with many Mexicans because it:
redistributed significant amounts of land;
expropriated and nationalized foreign petroleum holdings; during the Depression, C won lasting fame for his attempts to improve the lower class’s social and economic conditions.
One result of the revolutionary spirit in Mexico was indigenism, which meant what?
The last Aztec ruler Cuauhtémoc was portrayed as a heroic, larger than life figure; The country’s Spanish cultural heritage was downplayed; The government and Mexican intellectuals emphasized and even exaggerated the contributions made by Indians
In The Underdogs, War Paint is a:
camp follower and sometimes female soldier
Despite its revolutionary heritage, by the 1970s Mexico had become an example of “social corporatism,” which meant what?
It depended on high international export prices AND on low-cost foreign loans to stimulate economic growth
During the 1920’s, the chief source of conflict between the United States and Mexico centered on:
retroactive application of the Mexican state’s claim to subsoil rights; What chiefly worried the U.S.in the 1920s was the possibility that Mexico might apply the provisions of the Constitution of 1917 to seize foreign petroleum holdings and other subsoil rights. This, of course, happened during the Cardenas government (1934-40).
Partly because of tensions provoked by the Great Depression of the 1930s and pressure for socio-economic reforms:
the Chilean left formed the Popular Front
Through his presidency, Allende (1970) faced a crucial weakness, that the:
UP did not control a majority of seats in the Chilean congress and thus could not enact all of his program; opponents/Christian Democrats blocked many of his initiatives.
Prior to 1965, the Chilean Communist Party:
emerged primarily as a Chilean reaction to domestic social and economic problems; tensions between the working class and the oligarchy-middle class-military alliance.
What did the Pinochet dictatorship do when it came to power in 1973?
followed free-market economic policies; plunged Chile into years of bloody torture and disappearances; produced periods of striking economic growth
From the late 1800s to 1970, Chile’s economic prosperity depended largely on export of:
copper and nitrates
By the 1960s _____ had become a priority for the major political parties except the Conservatives.
land reform AND regaining control of the copper industry from foreign companies
The military reform movement (in Chile) of 1924 ended in:
military dictatorship; Frustrated by the oligarchy-dominated parliament’s failure to enact reforms favored by the middle class and convinced that the parliament neglected the military, the Chilean armed forces seized power in 1924 and forced the congress to pass reforms proposed by President Arturo Alessandri.
One problem Chile faced because of its reliance upon the export of raw materials was:
the government took for itself most of the profits from such exports AND it had little control over the world price of such exports
The Chilean middle class supported the oligarchy which dominated Chilean politics because:
the oligarchy provided jobs for the middle class in the ever-expanding government bureaucracy
In the presidential election of 1970, which Salvador Allende of Popular Unity (UP) won, was there principal difference between UP and the Christian Democrats?
No. Both the Christian Democrats and the UP advocated land reform and nationalization of the copper industry. Votes were split and he barely won. Once Allende took power,however, divisions between the UP and Christian Democrats began to intensify.
Tropicalía, a new musical movement in Brazil, emerged during the 1960s and
Threatened Brazilian families and religion, according to the military AND Challenged the military dictatorship through songs such as“Caminhando.”
