History of Educational Technology and Learning Theories Flashcards
What is Behaviourism?
Study of overt behaviour. Operant conditioning behaviour through rewards and punishments.
Who’s theory was Behaviourism?
BF Skinner
What is Constructivism?
The use of past knowledge for learning. Learners are active in structuring how new knowledge is taken in and shaped.
What did Piaget believe?
Knowledge is internalized and personal
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development?
Sensorimotor (0-2), Pre-operational (2-6), Concrete operational (6-11), Formal operational (11+)
What did Bruner believe?
We develop knowledge with interaction of 3 modes: Enactive (action based), Iconic (image based), Symbolic (language based)
What is scaffolding?
How children build on knowledge that they have already mastered
What is the Spiral Curriculum?
Complex ideas are initially simplified and retaught while getting more complex
What is Discovery Learning?
Discovering knowledge for oneself
What did Vygotsky believe?
Social-Constructivist (interactions with others is essential to learning)
What is Constructionism?
Builds off of constructivism, but focuses not only on mental construction of knowledge, but also physical construction of tangible product (e.g. LEGO robotics)
What are the Pillars of Constructionism?
1) Designing meaningful projects in a social context
2) Powerful ideas empower learning
3) Creation of tangible artifacts
4) Reflection and refining of artifacts
What is Cognitivism?
Understanding how the mind receives, organizes, and stores information
What did Moreno and Mayor propose?
Environmental stimuli initiates Sensory Memory, which is temporarily stored in the Working Memory, and when knowledge becomes concrete it is stored in Schematic Form in Long Term Memory
What are the types of Cognitive Load in Cognitive Load Theory?
Intrinsic: level of difficulty of information being processed
Extraneous: how well information is presented to students
Germane: work students put into retaining the information
What is Connectivism?
Explains learning behaviour in networked communities, the effect of technology on how people connect, communicate, and construct knowledge digitally
What is an example of learning ABOUT technology?
Computer programming, learning how a computer works
What is an example of learning FROM technology?
Programs that teach, like Kahn Academy
What is an example of learning WITH technology?
Electronic mind maps
What is Cognitive Load Theory?
The effort used by our working or immediate memory (as opposed to our long term memory)
What is Cognitive Off-Loading?
The use of bodily actions and/or external devices to alter the information processing requirements of a task to reduce cognitive demand (e.g. counting on fingers)
What is 4E Cognition Theory?
Important aspects of cognition have been missed in earlier theories, about use of technologies in education
What is Embodied Cognition?
The more general involvement of bodily structures and process in cognition (e.g. the octopus, whose arms and suckers each display a unique intelligence process of their own)
What is Embedded Cognition?
Outlines the layers of codetermination between an entity with the physical, cultural, and social aspects of their world
