History of Cytogenetics Flashcards
Joint announcement of the theory of natural selection
1858
Charles Darwin
Alfred R. Wallace
Published the Origin of Species
1859
Charles Darwin
Published the results of his investigations of the inheritance of “factors” in pea plants
1866
Gregor Mendel
- Isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells
* First called as “nuclein”
1871
Friedrich Miescher
• Published the first illustration of chromosomes
• Chromatin is the stainable portion of the
nucleus
• First to use the term “mitosis”
1882
Walter Flemming
He introduced the word “chromosome”
1888
Waldeyer
Mendel’s principles were independently rediscovered and verified, marking the beginning of modern genetics
1900
Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermark
Translates Mendel’s paper to English
1900
Gregory Bateson
• Pointed out the interrelationships between
cytology and Mendelism, closing the gap
between cell morphology and heredity
• Chromosome theory of inheritance
1902
Walter Sutton
- Discovered linkage between genes
* Also coins the word “genetics”
1904
Gregory Bateson
Independently described the behavior of sex chromosomes
XX determines female
XY determines male
1905
Nettie Stevens
Edmund Wilson
- Proposed that some human diseases are due to “inborn errors of metabolism” that result from the lack of a specific enzyme
- Discovered Alkaptonuria
1908
Archibald Garrod
• Proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance
for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly,
‘Drosophila’ white eye
• This was followed by the gene theory,
including the principle of linkage
1910
Thomas Hunt Morgan
• Irradiated the red bread mold, Neurospora
and proved that the gene produces its effect by regulating particular enzymes
• 1 gene encodes 1 protein
1941
George Beadle
Edward Tatum
Reported that they had purified the
transforming principle in Griffith’s experiment and that it was DNA
DNA is the molecule that mediates
heredity
1944
Oswald Avery
Colin McLeod
Maclyn McCarty
Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells
1946
Lederberg and Tatum
Discovered a one-to-one ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms
1950
Erwin Chargaff
Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA
1951
Rosalind Franklin
Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule
1953
Francis Crick
James Watson
Maurice Wilkins
Discovered Trisomy 13 aka Patau’s syndrome
1960
Patau et. al
Discovered Trisomy 18 aka E syndrome
1960
Edwards et. al
Discovered Philadelphia chromosome – seen in chronic myelogenous leukemia
1960
Nowell and Hungerford
Produced the first recombinant DNA molecules
1972
Paul Berg
Herb Boyer
Showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli
1973
Annie Chang
Stanley Cohen
Developed the chain termination method for sequencing DNA
1977
Fred Sanger
Used blood samples collected by Nancy Wexler and her co-workers to demonstrate that the Huntington’s disease gene is on chromosome 4
1983
James Gusella
Published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the most sensitive assay for DNA yet devised.
1985
Kary B. Mullis
Coined the term DNA fingerprinting and was the first to use DNA polymorphism in paternity, immigration, and murder cases.
1989
Alec Jeffreys
Identified the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) on chromosome 7 that, when mutant, causes cystic fibrosis
1989
Francis Collins
Lap-Chee Tsui
First gene replacement therapy-T cells of a four-year old girl were exposed outside of her body to retroviruses containing an RNA copy of a normal ADA gene. This allowed her immune system to begin functioning. Beginning of genome projects
1990
Completion of the human genome
2001
