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ITE 10 > History of Computers > Flashcards

History of Computers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Computer?

A
  • an electronic machine, device
    for performing calculations and controlling operations that can be expressed either in logical or numerical terms.
  • an electronic device, operating under the control instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information
    (output), and store the information for future use.
  • A programmed device with a group of instructions to perform specific tasks and generate results at a really high speed
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2
Q

Functionalities of a Computer

A

● Takes data as input.
● Stores the data / instruction in its memory and use them when required.
● Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
● Generates the output.
● Controls all the above four steps.

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3
Q

The applications domain of a computer depends totally on ___________

A

human creativity and imagination

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4
Q

What areas do the applications of a computer cover?

A

education, industries, government, medicine, scientific research, low and music and arts.

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5
Q

Applications of a Computer

A

● Millions of complex calculations can be done in a mere fraction of time

● Difficult decisions can be made with unerring accuracy for comparatively little cost

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6
Q

Characteristics of a Computer

A

● Speed
● Accuracy
● Diligence
● Reliability
● Storage Capability
● Versatility
● Resource Sharing

SAD RESERVER

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7
Q

Advantages of a Computer

A

● Multitasking
● Speed
● Cost/Stores huge
● Accuracy
● Data Security
● Task Completer
● Communication
● Productivity
● Reduce workload
● Reliability
● Storage

MS. CAD TC PURRSE

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8
Q

Disadvantages of a Computer

A

● Virus and Hacking Attacks
● Online Cyber Crime
● High-Cost
● Distractions/Disruptions
● Increase waste and impacts the environment
● Health Problems

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9
Q

What is
Hardware

A

a general term for equipment that can be touched by hand.

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10
Q

For a computer system, what is a hardware

A

make up how the computer will look like and it is what we are actually using

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11
Q

Basic Hardware of a Desktop

A

● CPU (Central Processing Unit)
● Monitor
● Keyboard
● Mouse

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12
Q

Other Common Computer Hardwares (Peripheral Devices)

A

● Webcam
● Microphone/Headset
● Speaker
● Printers
● Power Supply

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13
Q

What is a Software?

A

● collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it

● what enables us to use the computer once we have the hardware ready

● anything and everything
that we are seeing inside the computer or monitor, e.g.
Games, Windows, OS, etc.

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14
Q

3 Types of Software

A

● System Software
● Programming Software
● Application Software

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15
Q

What is Peopleware?

A

● anything that has to do with
the role of people in the development or use of
computer software and hardware systems

● work done by people for the Computer industry

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16
Q

Other aspects peopleware covers

A

issues related to the development of software and hardware systems such as developer productivity, teamwork, group dynamics,
the psychology of programming, project management, organizational factors, human interface design, and human-machine-interaction

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17
Q

Dataware is also known as

A

Data Warehouse or Enterprise Data Warehouse.

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18
Q

What is Dataware?

A

central repository of data which is created by integrating data from multiple disparate
sources

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19
Q

What is in the bottom tier of data warehouse architecture?

A

consists of a data warehouse
server, usually a relational database system, which
collects, cleanses, and transforms data from multiple data sources through a process known as Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) or a process known as Extract, Load, and Transform (ELT).

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20
Q

What is in the middle tier of data warehouse architecture?

A

consists of an OLAP (i.e. online analytical processing) server which enables fast query
speeds.

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21
Q

Three types of OLAP can be used in the data warehouse architecture’s middle tier, which is

A

ROLAP, MOLAP and HOLAP

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22
Q

Type of OLAP model used in the data warehouse architecture’s middle tier is dependent on

A

the type of database system that exists

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23
Q

What is in the top tier of data warehouse architecture?

A

represented by some kind of front-end user interface or reporting tool, which enables end users to conduct ad-hoc data analysis on their business
data.

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24
Q

What is a Personal Computer?

A

A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor

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25
Q

What makes up a PC?

A

● keyboard for entering data
● monitor for displaying information
● storage device for saving data.

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26
Q

What is a mobile computer?

A

A personal computer you can carry from place to place

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27
Q

What are mobile devices?

A

A computing device small enough to hold in the palm of your hand.

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28
Q

What is a Game Console?

A

a specialized computer system
designed for interactive video gameplay and display.

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29
Q

Video Game Consoles functions components

A

● functions like a PC and is built with the same essential components, including a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU) and random access
memory (RAM)

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30
Q

To offset costs, most video game console manufacturers use _________

A

older CPU versions

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31
Q

What are servers?

A

a computer that provides data to other computers.

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32
Q

What do servers do?

A

It may serve data to systems on a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN)
over the internet.

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33
Q

What do servers control?

A

access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network and provides a
centralized storage area for programs, data, and information.

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34
Q

What is a Main Frame

A

a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.

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35
Q

Mainframes store what

A

huge amounts of data, instructions, and information.

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36
Q

Most major corporations use
mainframes for ________

A

business activities

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37
Q

What is a supercomputer

A

the fastest, most powerful
computer and the most expensive one.

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38
Q

Capabilities of a supercomputer?

A

capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second.

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39
Q

Supercomputers are used for

A

Applications requiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations

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40
Q

What is embedded computers?

A

a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.

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41
Q

Examples of things that contain embedded computers

A

● Consumer electronics
● Home automation devices
● Automobiles
● Process controllers and robotics
● Computer devices and office
machines

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42
Q

In the beginning, when the task was simply counting
or adding, people used either their _________ or _______
along lines in the sand.

A

fingers or pebbles

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43
Q

Who built the abacus

A

People in Asia Minor

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44
Q

The abacus allows

A

allowed users to do calculations using a
system of sliding beads arranged on a rack

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45
Q

What are Napier’s Bones

A

a manual calculating device using strips of ivory or other types of material
that are divided into sections

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46
Q

Naper’s bones sections are

A

marked with numbers or digits, primarily used for multiplication and division

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47
Q

Napier’s bones method had its origins in

A

lattice multiplication

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48
Q

Purpose of napiers bones

A

quickly finding quotients and products of numbers

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49
Q

Napier’s Bones inventor

A

John Napier

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50
Q

Napier’s Bones published in what year

A

1617

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51
Q

What is a Slide Rule

A

device consisting of graduated scales capable of relative movement, by means of which simple calculations may be carried out mechanically.

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52
Q

Typical slide rules contain scales for

A

multiplying, dividing, and
extracting square roots, and some also contain scales
for calculating trigonometric functions and
logarithms.

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53
Q

earliest known logarithmic rule is also known as

A

Gunter’s scale or the gunter

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54
Q

who invented the earliest known logarithmic rule

A

Edmund Gunter (1581-1626)

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55
Q

gunter’s scale aided

A

seamen with nautical calculations

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56
Q

Who designed the first adjustable logarithmic rule (circular)

A

William Oughtred

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57
Q

What year was the first adjustable logarithmic rule designed?

A

1632

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58
Q

Who designed the first linear slide rule

A

William Oughtred

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59
Q

Who invented the familiar inner sliding rule?

A

Robert Bissaker

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60
Q

Inner sliding rule invented in

A

1654

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61
Q

Who invented the Pascaline

A

Blaise Pascal

62
Q

What year was the Pascaline made

A

1642

63
Q

What is the Pascaline

A

first functional automatic
calculator

first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used

64
Q

Pascaline is also called

A

Arithmetic Machine

65
Q

Pascaline could only do

A

addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its
dials.

66
Q

Pascal invented the machine for

A

his father, a tax collector, so it was the first business machine too (if one does not count the abacus)

67
Q

Stepped Reckoner designed and built in

A

1671 and 1673

68
Q

Who built the Stepped Reckoner

A

Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz

69
Q

Stepped Reckoner expanded on whose ideas

A

Blaise Pascal

70
Q

Stepped Reckoner did multiplication by

A

repeating addition and shifting

71
Q

Difference Machine designed and partially built in

A

1820s and ’30s

72
Q

Difference Engine built by

A

Charles Babbage

73
Q

What is the difference engine

A

an early calculating machine
verging on being the first computer
was a digital device

74
Q

Difference engine operated on

A

discrete digits rather than smooth quantities, and the digits were decimal (0–9),
represented by positions on toothed wheels, rather than the binary digits (“bits”) that the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried
Wilhelm von Leibniz had favoured (but did not
use) in his Step Reckoner

75
Q

Jacquard loom also called

A

Jacquard attachment or Jacquard mechanism

76
Q

How did jacquard loom work?

A

in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it has also been adapted to the
production of patterned knitted fabrics

Jacquard’s loom used interchangeable punched cards that controlled the weaving of the cloth so that any desired pattern could be obtained automatically.

77
Q

Jacquard system developed in

A

1804-1805

78
Q

Jacquard system developed by

A

Joseph-Marie Jacquard

79
Q

Jacquard system improved on

A

punched-card
technology of Jacques de Vaucanson’s loom (1745).

80
Q

Attanasoff-Berry Computer inventor

A

John V. Attanasoff and Clifford E. Berry

81
Q

John V. Atanasoff is credited with

A

building the first electronic digital computer

82
Q

Atanasoff-Berry Computer constructed from

A

1939-1942

83
Q

Who constructed the first operational program-controlled calculating machine?

A

Konrad Zuse

84
Q

first operational program-controlled calculating machine completed construction in

A

1941

85
Q

What is Harvard Mark 1

A

an early protocomputer, built
during World War II in the United States.

electronic calculating machine used relays and
electromagnetic components to replace mechanical components.

86
Q

Mark I, which was built as a partnership between _________ and _____ in ______

A

Harvard Aiken and IBM in 1944

87
Q

Starting in ____, Aiken laid out detailed plans
for a series of four calculating machines of
increasing sophistication, based on different
technologies, from the largely mechanical
Mark I to the electronic Mark IV

A

1937

88
Q

ENIAC meaning

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

89
Q

ENIAC developed by

A

John Eckert and John Mauchy

90
Q

ENIAC developed in

A

1946

91
Q

What is the ENIAC

A

first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer

Designed specifically for computing values for artillery range tables, it lacked some features that
would have made it a more generally useful
machine.

used plugboards for
communicating instructions to the machine; this had the advantage that, once the
instructions were thus “programmed,” the
machine ran at electronic speed

92
Q

EDVAC meaning

A

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

93
Q

What is the EDVAc

A

electronic computer to use the stored program
concept introduced by John von Neumann.

94
Q

The concept of a stored-program computer
was introduced in the mid-_____

A

1940s

95
Q

the idea
of storing _________ as well as ____ in
an _______ was
implemented in _____

A

instruction codes, data, electrically alterable memory, EDVAC

96
Q

EDSAC meaning

A

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

97
Q

What is the EDSAC

A

the first full-size stored-program computer

built according to the von
Neumann machine principles enunciated by
the Hungarian American scientist John von
Neumann and, like the Manchester Mark I,
became operational in 1949

built the machine chiefly to study computer
programming issues, which he realized would
become as important as the hardware details.

98
Q

EDSAC built at and by

A

University of Cambridge, Maurice Wilkes and others

99
Q

EDSAC used _________ for
memory and ________for logic

A

mercury delay lines, vacuum tubes

100
Q

UNIVAC meaning

A

Universal Automatic Computer

101
Q

UNIVAC manufactured in

A

1951

102
Q

UNIVAC marked

A

real beginning of computer era

103
Q

What is the UNIVAC

A

one of the earliest commercial computers

designed as a commercial
data-processing computer, intended to replace
the punched-card accounting machines of the
day. It could read 7,200 decimal digits per
second (it did not use binary numbers), making
it by far the fastest business machine yet built.

104
Q

First generation computer were ______________ based machines.

A

Vacuum Tubes/thermionic value

105
Q

First generations used vacuum tubes for ________ and magnetic drums for _____

A

circuitry, memory

106
Q

what is magnetic drum

A

metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and program can be stored.

107
Q

First generation - input was based on _______ and _____

A

punched cards and paper tape

108
Q

First generation - output was in the form of _____

A

printouts

109
Q

Characteristics of First Generation Computers

A
  • These computers were based on vacuum tube
    technology.
  • These were the fastest computing devices of their time.
  • These computers were very large, and required a lot of
    space for installation.
  • These were non-portable and very slow equipments
110
Q

First Generation Year

A

1940-1956

111
Q

Second Generation Year

A

1956-1963

112
Q

What is a transistor made of

A

semiconductor material like germanium and silicon

113
Q

What do transistors have

A

usually had three leads and
performed electrical functions such as voltage, current or power amplification with low power requirement.

114
Q

In transistors, magnetic cores were used as

A

primary memory

115
Q

In transistors, magnetic disks were used as

A

secondary storage devices

116
Q

what did transistors still rely on?

A

punched cards for input and printouts for output

117
Q

Characteristics of Second Generation Computer

A
  • These machines were based on transistor technology
  • These were smaller as compared to the first
    generation computers.
  • These were more portable and generated less amount of heat.
118
Q

Third Generation Computer What Year

A

1964 - Early 1970

119
Q

integrated circuit also called

A

ic

120
Q

what does integrated circuit consist of

A

a single chip with many components such as transistors and resistors fabricated on it

121
Q

integrated circuit replaced what

A

individually wired transistor

122
Q

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers
through ______ and ________ and interfaced
with ______

A

keyboards, monitors, operating system

123
Q

Characteristic of Third Generation Computer

A
  • These computers were based on integrated circuit (ic) technology.
  • They were able to reduce computational time from micro seconds to nano seconds.
  • Extensive use of high – level language became
    possible
124
Q

Fourth Generation Computer Year

A

Early 1970s - Till Date

125
Q

Fourth Generation Computer technology was still based on

A

integrated circuit

126
Q

The fourth generation computers led to an era of ________ and _______

A

large scale technology (lsi) and very large scale technology (vlsi)

127
Q

LSI technology allowed

A

thousands of transistors to be constructed on one small slice of silicon material

128
Q

VLSI technology squeezed

A

squeezed hundreds of thousands of
components on to a single ewp

129
Q

ultra large scale integration (ulsi) increased what

A

millions of components on to a single ewp

130
Q

Characteristics of Fourth Generation Computers

A
  • Fourth generation computers are microprocessor based systems
  • These computers are very small
  • GUI and pointing devices enable users to learn to use the computer quickly
  • Interconnection of computers leads to better
    communication and resource sharing
131
Q

Fifth Generation Computers Year

A

Present and Beyond

132
Q

Fifth Generation computer is what

A

a computer would learn from its mistakes and possess the skill of experts

133
Q

the starting point for the fifth generation of computers has been set in the

A

early 1990

134
Q

the expert system of a fifth generation computer is defined as

A

a computer information system that attempts to mimic the thought process and reasoning of experts in specific areas

135
Q

three characteristics that can be identified with the fifth generation computer

A

mega chips, parallel processing, artificial intelligence (AI)

136
Q

What are mega chips

A

Fifth generation computers will use super
large scale integrated (SLSI) chips, which will result in the production of microprocessor having millions of electronic components on a single chip

137
Q

A computer using parallel processing accesses

A

several instructions at once and works on them at the same time through use of multiple central processing units.

138
Q

AI comprises of

A

a group of related technologies expert systems (ES), natural language processing (NLP) speech recognition, vision recognition and robotics

139
Q

Computers currently execute a wide range of tasks, including

A

complex computations, business report
production, bill generation, teaching,
programming or development, and
entertainment, among others

140
Q

Computer usage and application in society, who benefits?

A

Business, Science, Government, Health and Medical, Education, Publishing, Weather Forecasting, Research

141
Q

Main parts of analyticial machine

A

store and mill

142
Q

What is store in analytical machine

A

Punched card store data, which is equivalent to the memory unit in computers

143
Q

What is mill in analytical machine

A

Mill weaves or processes the data to give a result, which is equivalent to the central processing unit in computers.

144
Q

What did charles babbage use in the analytical machine

A

conditional processing of data

145
Q

Who was the first programmer

A

Ada Lovelace

146
Q

What did Ada Lovelace do

A

Used programming concept of looping for repetitive actions, and used subroutines in her programs

147
Q

What is the hollerith disk

A

It consisted of a card reader which sensed the holes in the cards, a gear driven mechanism
which could count and a large wall of dial indicators to display the results of the count.

148
Q

Father of modern computer science

A

Alan Turing 1936, provided formalisation for the concept of algorithm and computance

149
Q

a secret British computer with limited programmability built using vaccum tubes, was built to break the German wartime codes.

A

Colossus 1943

150
Q

first computer to read and decipher the codes using cryptography

A

Colossus 1943

151
Q

Primary programmer of Harvard Mark 1, found first computer ‘bug’, constructed first compiler

A

Grace Hopper

152
Q

first high level language

A

Flow-Matic, developed into COBOL

ITE 10 (2 decks)

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