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Perception & Attention > History of Cognition (Level 4) > Flashcards

History of Cognition (Level 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

A discipline that deals with the mind, the brain & behaviour.

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2
Q

What is the mind?

A

Fire, spirit, the soul, consciousness, intellect, Anima (Greeks), Ātman (Hindu philosophy), Dasein (German philosophy) & experience.

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3
Q

Is there a good definition, or is there no good definition, of cognition?

A

There is no good definition of cognition

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4
Q

What does the definition of cognition depend on?

A

One’s philosophical stance

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5
Q

What is cognition about?

A

Knowing

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6
Q

What is cognition inherently?

A

The relation between the ‘knower’ & the ‘known’

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7
Q

Who were 2 pre-Socratic philosophers?

A

Heraclitus (500 BC) & Parmenides of Elea (5th century BC)

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8
Q

What did Heraclitus believe?

A

That things are constantly changing (universal flux); that reality exists & persists by the constant change of its parts.

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9
Q

What did Heraclitus say?

A

That you can step in the same river, but not the same water.

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10
Q

What did Parmenides of Elea write?

A

A complex metaphysical poem

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11
Q

What did Parmenides of Elea believe in?

A

Universal stasis (to exist is not to change)

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12
Q

What did both Heraclitus & Parmenides of Elea believe?

A

That to know something, that something should persist.

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13
Q

When was Aristotle alive?

A

Between 384 & 322 BCE

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14
Q

What did Aristotle devise?

A

A method of correct reasoning (logic)

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15
Q

What is logic?

A

An argument where certain things are laid down & others follow out of necessity in virtue of their being so.

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16
Q

What use deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion that’s based on 2 or more propositions that are assumed to be true?

A

Syllogisms

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17
Q

What requires the conviction of universal truths/ constants?

A

Logic

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18
Q

What are Aristotle’s laws on remembrance & recall?

A

The law of contiguity, the law of frequency, the law of similarity & the law of contrast

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19
Q

What was Aristotle’s law of contiguity?

A

That things/ events that occur close together in space/ time tend to get linked together in the mind.

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20
Q

What was Aristotle’s law of frequency?

A

The more often 2 things/ events are linked, the more powerful the association between them will be.

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21
Q

What was Aristotle’s law of similarity?

A

If 2 things are similar, the thought of 1 will tend to trigger the thought of the other.

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22
Q

What was Aristotle’s law of contrast?

A

Seeing/ recalling something may also trigger the recollection of something completely opposite.

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23
Q

When did Rene Descartes live?

A

Between 1596 & 1650

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24
Q

Who was Rene Descartes?

A

A rationalist (& catholic) who wanted to establish a foundation for truth & “certain” knowledge.

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25
Q

What did Rene Descartes believe?

A

That the perceived world is illusory

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26
Q

What was Rene Descartes’ second meditation (7:25)?

A

“So after considering everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that this proposition: I am; I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind”

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27
Q

Which problem presents itself in relation to cognition?

A

The “I” (the soul/ cogito/ mind) is durable, however, the mental phenomena & the physical structures on which it depends seem qualitatively different.

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28
Q

What was the reasoning behind the dualist approach?

A

That the “mental” & the “physical” are made of different “stuff”.

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29
Q

What interact?

A

The “mental” & the “physical”

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30
Q

What creates the mind-body problem for substance dualism?

A

The “mental” & the “physical” being made of different “stuff”.

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31
Q

How did Descartes view the body?

A

As a mechanical system that obeys physical laws.

32
Q

What did Newton (1642 - 1727) provide that became the foundation of the Enlightenment?

A

The Natural Law of Motion

33
Q

Who were the founders of empiricism?

A

John Locke (1632 - 1704, English), George Berkely (1685 - 1753, Irish), & David Hume (1711 - 1776, Scottish)

34
Q

Whose views were empiricist views contrary to?

A

Those of Descartes

35
Q

What is the belief behind empiricism?

A

That all knowledge is grounded in the experience of the world mediated by the senses.

36
Q

What was Molyneux’s question?

A

Whether a man born blind, but able to distinguish between 2 distinct shapes by feeling them with his hands, would be able to distinguish them by sight alone, without also touching them, if he was suddenly able to see.

37
Q

How was associationism viewed during the Enlightenment?

A

Associations were seen as being part of passive reason (not active reason, e.g. abstraction)

38
Q

What did Locke assume during the Enlightenment?

A

That complex ideas form for associating simple ideas & reflections.

39
Q

What was Hume’s belief?

A

That all coherence was due to the laws of resemblance & contiguity.

40
Q

What is the main difference between rationalism & empiricism?

A

Rationalists believe that you do not need to engage with the environment to gain knowledge, while empiricists believe that you do.

41
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe that we have innate knowledge?

A

Rationalists

42
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe that are born “tabula rasa”?

A

Empiricists

43
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe in reason & deduction?

A

Rationalists

44
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe in inference & induction?

A

Empiricists

45
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe in certainty?

A

Rationalists

46
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe that a proposition is knowable a priori?

A

Rationalists

47
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe in tentative knowledge?

A

Empiricists

47
Q

Do rationalists/ empiricists believe that a proposition is knowable a posteriori?

A

Empiricists

48
Q

When did Immanuel Kant live?

A

Between 1724 & 1804.

49
Q

Who attempted to synthesise the insights of rationalist & empiricist views?

A

Immanuel Kant

50
Q

Who regarded space & time as a prior of experience, & grounding the notion of cause & effect?

A

Immanuel Kant

51
Q

Who believed that the natural laws could not be applied to living creatures (including humans)?

A

Immanuel Kant

52
Q

What was Immanuel Kant’s conclusion based on his belief that the natural laws could not be applied to living creatures (including humans)?

A

That psychology as an exact science is not possible.

53
Q

What was the basis of Immanuel Kant’s concept of the transcendental subject?

A

That we can never know about the world in itself, as all of our information is relayed through our senses; therefore, we have no direct knowledge of the world, and any knowledge that we do have is limited by our senses.

54
Q

Why did Immanuel Kant believe that the objective study of the mind was impossible?

A

Because of his concept of the transcendental subject.

55
Q

When was John Stuart Mill alive?

A

Between 1806 & 1873.

56
Q

Which reach was extended by John Stuart Mill?

A

The associationist reach

57
Q

What did John Stuart Mill believe?

A

That a sensory impression causes a mental representation (idea/ image), & that if 2 stimuli are presented together repeatedly, they create an association in the mind.

58
Q

Who believed that the intensity of 2 stimuli that are repeatedly presented together could serve the same function as repetition?

A

John Stuart Mill

59
Q

Who believed that associations can have different attributes from individual parts?

A

John Stuart Mill

60
Q

Who argued (going beyond Hume) that through generalisation more knowledge could be gained beyond experience?

A

Mill

61
Q

What does Mill’s scientific method/ hypothetico-deductive method suggest?

A

That one observes data & through the inductive process develops an understanding of how to explain the data.

62
Q

What is an advantage of there having been successful application of the scientific method in various psychological domains?

A

That there have also been practical spinoffs (such as technological spinoffs).

63
Q

In what sense are animals & humans on a continuum?

A

In a physical sense

64
Q

Which view could be seen as heretical?

A

The view of animals & humans being on a mental continuum.

65
Q

Is behaviour objectively/ subjectively measurable?

A

It’s objectively measurable

66
Q

Is experience objectively/ subjectively measurable?

A

It’s subjectively measurable

67
Q

What are 2 things that could be measured via psychological studies?

A

Behaviour & experience

68
Q

What does assuming that the physical entity produces both behaviour & experience mean?

A

That the soul comes from the body.

69
Q

When did Hermann von Helmholtz first measure the speed of neural signal transmission?

A

In 1849

70
Q

What is the average speed of neural signal transmission?

A

30 m/ sec

71
Q

When did Gustav Fechner publish “Elemente der Psychophysik”, seeking to quantitatively relate measurable quantities to sensations?

A

In 1860

72
Q

When did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany?

A

In 1879.

73
Q

What were the early research methods?

A

Pure analytical reasoning (armchair work), psychophysics, experimentation & introspection.

74
Q

Which important influence has never been adopted as a scientific approach?

A

The influence of psychodynamics

75
Q

Which relation does psychodynamics aim to establish?

A

The lawful relation between measurable properties such as frequency, & perceived properties such as pitch.

Perception & Attention (6 decks)

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