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Perception & Attention > Functional Anatomy of the Visual System (Level 5) > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of the Visual System (Level 5) Flashcards

1
Q

How is visual stimulation encoded?

A

Via photoreceptors on the retina which contain light-sensitive photopigments.

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2
Q

What is the most intensively studied area in cognitive neuroscience?

A

Vision

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3
Q

What gives rise to an electrical signal which is transported via bipolar cells to retinal ganglion cells?

A

The absorption of light by light-sensitive pigments contained in photoreceptors on the retina.

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4
Q

What transmit visual information from the eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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5
Q

How many types of photoreceptor are there?

A

Two

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6
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is sensitive to low levels of stimulation, and is therefore useful for night vision?

A

The rod photoreceptor

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7
Q

How are rods distributed throughout the retina?

A

Equally

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8
Q

What kind of stimulation do cones require?

A

Higher levels than rods

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9
Q

Why are cones mainly used for daytime vision?

A

Because they require higher levels of stimulation than rods.

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10
Q

How are cones distributed throughout the retina?

A

They are densely packed at the retinal centre (the fovea) and decrease in frequency towards the periphery of the retina.

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11
Q

How do cones differ?

A

In their sensitivity to different wavelengths.

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12
Q

What are essential for colour vision?

A

Cones

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13
Q

What connects the retina via the LGN to the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe?

A

The major visual pathway

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14
Q

What happens to information transmitted via the axons from the temporal retina?

A

It goes to the cerebral cortex of the same side because these axons do not cross the midline.

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15
Q

Which cells have concentric receptive fields and an inhibitory surround?

A

The cells of the LGN

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16
Q

Which cells are maximally excited when a small spot of light excites the centre of their receptive field?

A

The cells of the LGN

17
Q

Which cells are inhibited when a small spot of light stimulates the surround of their receptive fields?

A

The cells of the LGN

18
Q

How many layers does the LGN consist of?

A

Six

19
Q

How many eyes does the LGN receive input from?

A

Only one (monocular input)

20
Q

How many layers of the LGN are termed magnocellular because of large-diameter axons?

A

Two

21
Q

How many layers of the LGN contain small-diameter fibres and are called parvocellular?

A

Four

22
Q

How many layers does V1 contain?

A

Six

23
Q

Which techniques reveal areas of higher metabolic activity (blobs) surrounded by less active regions (interblobs) in V1?

A

Cytochrome oxidase staining techniques

24
Q

What does V1 contain which are driven by monocular input?

A

Ocular dominance columns

25
Q

Which cells within ocular dominance columns have similar orientation preferences?

A

Neighbouring visual cells

26
Q

What varies continuously when a recording electrode is moved along the cortex?

A

The orientation sensitivity of neighbouring visual cells within ocular dominance columns.

27
Q

How do V1 cells achieve their orientation sensitivity?

A

By combining the inputs of several LGN cells.

28
Q

Where is the retinotopic representation of the LGN maintained?

A

In V1

29
Q

To where is information from V1 projected?

A

To other cortical areas that are specialised in terms of their preferred input.

30
Q

In general, what is the response profile of cells like in ‘higher’ visual areas?

A

It is relatively complex

31
Q

What are the receptive fields of ‘higher’ visual areas like?

A

They are relatively large.

32
Q

Where does visual processing continue after that occurring in V1?

A

Within specialised processing modules that are responsible for the processing of different visual features.

33
Q

What is used for the ‘higher-order’ visual processing by mechanisms responsible for object identification?

A

The output of specialised processing modules that are responsible for the processing of different visual features.

34
Q

Where does the initial analysis of colour and motion take place?

A

Within independent and anatomically distinct brain regions.

35
Q

Which regions are connected to different parts of the geniculostriate pathway?

A

The independent and anatomically distinct brain regions in which the initial analysis of colour and motion takes place.

36
Q

What has the magnocellular pathway been found to be very sensitive to, rather than colour?

A

Movement

37
Q

How does the parvocellular pathway differ from the magnocellular pathway?

A

The parvocellular pathway is colour-sensitive but virtually motion-blind.

Perception & Attention (6 decks)

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