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BOT100 > History of Botanical Medicine > Flashcards

History of Botanical Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biophilia?

A

An innate feeling (or emotional affiliation) for all living forms & systems, activated through our relationship & experiences with Nature

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2
Q

The earliest known written records on the therapeutic use of plants are what? And when?

Followed by what? When? And where?

A

Sumerian tablets dating back to 3000 BCE.

Ebers papyrus written in 1500 BCE in Ancient Egypt

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3
Q

How many years ago have archeological studies shown the practice of herbal medicine in Iraq? And what about in China?

A

60,000 years ago in Iraq
8,000 years ago in China

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4
Q

How many years ago have archeological studies shown the practice of herbal medicine in China?

A

8,000 years

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5
Q

Ex: Ashwagandha to ground the vata dosha

A

Ayurvedic Medicine (3000 BC)

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6
Q

Ex: Sheng Jiang (ginger) to disperse phlegm and release heat to the exterior

A

Traditional Chinese Medicine (2800 BC)

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7
Q

Ex: Pure honey for topical wound treatment
Certain seeds used in divination rituals

A

African Traditional Medicine

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8
Q

Ebers papyrus (written in 1500 BC) contained 811 herbal prescriptions including salves, plasters, poultices, inhalations, gargles and suppositories.
Ex: poppy for insomnia and to lessen pain

A

Ancient Egyptian Medicine (3000 BC)

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9
Q

Ex: Black hellebore on the 1st and 2nd days following an accident to heal fractures

A

Greco-Roman Medicine (400 BC)

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10
Q

Ex: Cosmetic application of pressed oils like saffron and olive oil (500 BC)

A

Persian/Iranian Medicine (1500 BC)

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11
Q

Ex: Cascara bark as a laxative tea used by the Nuxalk, Coast Salish, Quileute, Nuu-chah-nulth, Kwakwaka’wakw and other nations

A

First Nation Traditional Medicine

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12
Q

Sumerian tablets included 15 prescriptions including za’atar (thyme) for sore throats and cough

A

Arabic/Sumerian Medicine (3000 BC)

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13
Q

Who developed the Humoral Medical Theory?

A

Aristotle and Hippocrates
in 4th c BC and became the first European medical theoretical system.

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14
Q

What are the Symbolic elements of HMT?

A

Earth, Fire, Water, Air

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15
Q

What are the qualities of HMT?

A

Cold, hot, wet, dry

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16
Q

(HMT) What are the 4 fluid states (“humors”) within the body?

A

Blood, Choler (yellow bile), Phlegm, Black Bile

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17
Q

What are the temperaments in the body according to HMT?

A

Sanguine, Choleric, Phlegmatic, Melancholic

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18
Q

Who was the surgeon to the gladiators and personal physician to Marcus Aurelius (Roman Emperor)? And what did he do?

A

Galen (131-200 AD)

He made humoral medicine the cornerstone of medicine in Europe for the next 1500 years

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19
Q

Who is the father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates (468-377 BC)

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20
Q

Who wrote De Materia Medica and was doctor to the Roman Armies of Nero?

A

Dioscorides (50-70 AD)

21
Q

What is the Materia Medica?

A

Book containing 600 medicinal plants

22
Q

What did Ibn-Sina (Avincenna) do?

A

He wrote The Canon of Medicine, which heavily influenced the practice of medicine for centuries.

23
Q

Who was the founder of chemical pharmacology?

A

Paracelsus

24
Q

What did Paracelsus believe that the specific medicinal action of each plant depends on?

A

It’s active principle.

25
Q

What does Arcana mean?

A

Getting to the quintessence of the pure or chemical part of a plant.

26
Q

P to P
Willow Bark

A

Aspirin

27
Q

P to P
Chinchona tree

A

Quinine

28
Q

P to P
Foxglove

A

Digoxin

29
Q

P to P
Artemisia

A

Anti-Malarial drugs

30
Q

P to P
Poppy

A

Morphine, Codeine

31
Q

P to P
Periwinkle

A

Vinblastine (chemotherapy drugs)

32
Q

P to P
Wild Yam

A

Steriods (estrogen, progesterone, DHEA)

33
Q

What is the doctrine of signatures?

A

Concept by Paracelsus, that plants contain visual clues to their usefulness (colour, form place of growth, resemblance to human organ.)

34
Q

Who provided cheap and readily available healthcare to the poor in 1616-1654?

A

Nicholas Culpeper

35
Q

Who translated latin herbal pharmacopeia into english: ‘English Physician’?

A

Nicholas Culpeper

36
Q

Who said: “… infinite number of poor creatures perish daily who else might happily be preserved if they knew what the herbs in their garden are good for?”

A

Nicolas Culpeper (1616-1654)

37
Q

What is American western herbalism an integration of? Which knowledge systems?

A

European colonists, indigenous elders and healers, African men and women brought to the Americas through slavery

38
Q

What words would be used to describe the “integration” of knowledge systems that began western herbalism?

A

nonconsensual collaboration, colonization, imbalance of power, uncredited

39
Q

Who worked as a travelling physician using hydrotherapy and herbs? And was often vilified by the press?

A

Samuel Thomson (1769-1843)

40
Q

Where does most of Samuel Thomson’s knowledge of herbal medicine come from?

A

Indigenous people

41
Q

Who were the eclectics of America?

A

Early physicians interested in blending the old & new theories of medicine. Used modern science to understand the body and herbs to treat the conditions diagnosed.

42
Q

Who was responsible for bringing the knowledge of Echinacea from the plains nations to the pharmacopoeias of the world?

A

The eclectics of America

43
Q

Who helped to publish Eclectic Materia Medicas?

A

Ellingwood and Felter

44
Q

When did Eclectic Medicine become popular?

A

20th Century

45
Q

When was the suppression of biophilia medicine?

A

1906-1928

46
Q

Why did the suppression of biophilia medicine happen?

A

Scientists and physicians began systematically attacking the use of plant medicines. Stated that there was too much unscientific past.

47
Q

How did the creation of the American Medical Association affect biophilia in medicine?

A

It issued licenses to practice medicine based on achieving certain standards of competence, and steered it away from traditional herbal practices.

48
Q

What is the primary form of healing world wide, used by over 80% of the population?

A

Herbal Medicine

49
Q
A

BOT100 (7 decks)

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