History of Animal Breeding Flashcards

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1
Q

what is genetics?

A

the science of dealing with heredity and variation seeking to discover laws governing similarities and differences in individuals related by descent

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2
Q

what is animal genetics?

A

the study of the principles of inheritance in animals

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3
Q

what is animal breeding?

A

the application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improvement of animals

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4
Q

how did animal breeding start?

A

with the domestication of animals, unintentional breeding

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5
Q

what was selected for in early animal breeding?

A

more tractable animals

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6
Q

what does better performance mean?

A

better adaptation to environment

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7
Q

what is the purpose of animal breeding

A

genetically improve the economic efficiency of livestock production (more with less)

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8
Q

what is the main tool in genetic improvement of economic merit?

A

SELECTION

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9
Q

who is known as the Father of Animal Breeding?

A

Robert Bakewell

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10
Q

what is the purebred concept and who came up with it?

A

Robert Bakewell, separate, interbreeding populations to preserve genes, no mixing or crossing

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11
Q

what 3 things did Bakewell contribute to animal breeding today?

A
  1. the process of setting goals
  2. early bull progeny test
  3. the record system
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12
Q

what is the bull progeny test?

A

evaluating the performance of daughters to determine sire value

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13
Q

what did the development of the record system do for animal breeding?

A

quicker progress

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14
Q

what are sex-limited traits? give an example

A

traits where the sire’s performance can only be evaluated by daughters; milk yield

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15
Q

how long does the bull progeny test take and why?

A

4 years, because bulls, dams, and heifers must to mature to breed and then be evaluated

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16
Q

due to animal breeding, how much has milk yield increased in the dairy industry?

A

4x

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17
Q

due to animal breeding, how has the swine industry improved?

A

transition from lard to lean fat

18
Q

due to animal breeding, how much has volume, weight, and value of wool increased in the sheep industry?

A

4x

19
Q

due to animal breeding, how much has the broiler poultry industry improved?

A

broilers only take 6-7 weeks to develop

20
Q

due to animal breeding, how much has the layer poultry industry improved?

A

the average clutch for a hen is 300 eggs/year

21
Q

due to animal breeding, how has the horse industry improved?

A

not much lol

22
Q

due to animal breeding, how much have cats and dogs improved?

A

too much, we did way too much

23
Q

how do animals change?

A

SELECTION

24
Q

what are the 2 types of selection?

A
  1. natural: survival of the fittest

2. artificial: our choice

25
Q

list and describe the 6 factors of natural selection

A
  1. strength: fight off predators
  2. size: small to hide or big to fight
  3. intelligence: smort :)
  4. color: camoflauge
  5. horns/weapons: defense
  6. longevity: contribute to next generation
26
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of artificial selection?

A
  1. genetic
  2. environment
  3. genetic engineering techniques: transgenic, transgene
27
Q

give an example of genetic engineering in human medicine

A

insulin goats, molecule PHarming

28
Q

what are the 4 advantages of artificial selection?

A
  1. genetic worth determined
  2. rapid spread of genetics
  3. facilitate complex breeding systems
  4. can use genetic material after death
29
Q

what is the level of AI use and phenotypic change in the dairy industry?

A

high, high

30
Q

what is the level of AI use and phenotypic change in the beef industry?

A

low/moderate, low

31
Q

what is the level of AI use and phenotypic change in the poultry and swine industry?

A

high, high

32
Q

why is the level of phenotypic change through AI high in poultry and swine vs beef and horses?

A
  1. number of offspring per gestation
  2. number of offspring per year
  3. age at puberty
33
Q

why does the dairy have a high level of phenotypic change from AI use?

A
  1. selection for few traits
  2. maintain performance records
  3. use records to select superior sires
  4. AI = spread of superior genetics
34
Q

why does the beef industry have a low level of phenotypic change through AI use?

A
  1. limited records
  2. limited selection
  3. many traits under selection: growth, ADG’s, carcass traits, fertility traits, etc.
  4. limited AI use
35
Q

what does selection do to the mean?

A

moves it up and away from previous generations

36
Q

what are the 3 major events that led directly to the development of modern genetics in the mid 1800’s?

A
  1. Darwin publishing “Origin of Species”
  2. Mendel laying out his theory of genetics
  3. Friedrich Mieschner isolating nucleic acid from pus cells
37
Q

what is alkaptonuria?

A

one of the first genetic diseases discovered; when the body can’t break down homogentistic acid, which leads to dark urine, passes from parent to offspring

38
Q

what is in vitro?

A

in a test tube, in a lab

39
Q

what is in vivo?

A

in body of an animal

40
Q

what is in sacco?

A

in plastic bags; digestion