Cell Division and Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

what is mitosis?

Answer 1

somatic, or body cell division

Question 2

what type of division is mitosis?

Answer 2

multiplication division, diploid to diploid

Question 3

what is mitosis necessary for?

Answer 3

differentiation and growth

Question 4

after mitotic division, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have?

Answer 4

the same number as the parent cells

Question 5

what happens to the chromosomes prior to cell division?

Answer 5

they are replicated

Question 6

what are identical copies of the same chromosome called?

Answer 6

chromatids

Question 7

what happens to DNA when chromosomes replicate?

Answer 7

DNA also replicates

Question 8

how many phases are in mitosis?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

list and describe each of the 4 phases of mitosis

Answer 9

prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears
metaphase: chromosomes align at equatorial plate
anaphase: sister chromatids separate, centromeres divide
telophase: chromatin expands, cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (cytokinesis)

Question 10

what is meiosis?

Answer 10

gamete cell division

Question 11

what kind of division is meiosis?

Answer 11

reduction division, diploid to haploid

Question 12

what is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 12

in meiosis, daughter cells end up with half the chromosomes as the parent cells, haploid

Question 13

what big thing happens in meiosis I

Answer 13

crossing over

Question 14

how does crossing over occur in meiosis I?

Answer 14

chromosomes come together in pairs during prophase I

Question 15

what is meiosis II?

Answer 15

a mitotic division occurring in haploid cells, with 4 daughter cells resulting from the division

Question 16

how many functional sperm cells come from one round of meiosis?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

how many functional ovum come from one round of meiosis?

Answer 17

1, and 3 polar bodies

Question 18

what is the law of segregation?

Answer 18

each individual has 2 factors for a trait which separate during gamete formation, and each gamete has only one factors from each pair of factors, so fertilization gives each new individual 2 factors for each trait

Question 19

what determines the characteristics of an organism and where are they found?

Answer 19

genes, on the chromosome

Question 20

what are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 20

members of a pair that carry genes for the same traits in the same order

Question 21

what are alleles?

Answer 21

alternate forms of a gene for the same trait that are always at the same locus on each chromosome of a homologous pair

Question 22

what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a monohybrid/one-trait cross?

Answer 22

g- 1:2:2

p- 3:1

Question 23

what is the probability rule for genetic crosses?

Answer 23

the chance or 2 or more independent events occurring together is the product of their chance of occurring separately

Question 24

what is a one trait test cross?

Answer 24

used to determine the likely genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype

Question 25

what do the results of a one trait test cross tell you if there are any offspring produced with the recessive phenotype?

Answer 25

the dominant parent must be heterozygous

Question 26

what is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 26

each pair of factors assorts independently, so all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes