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History 2710 > History Notes: Civil War to Progressive Beliefs > Flashcards

History Notes: Civil War to Progressive Beliefs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the things emancipation of slaves (after the Civil War) meant for white planters?

A

Had to do labor themselves (some for the first time), tried to impose own vision of freedom upon former slaves

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2
Q

What did freedom mean to white planters after the Civil War?

A

Still meant hierarchy and mastery, and it still meant no economic independence or civil/political equality for former slaves

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3
Q

What was the top priority for former slaves after the Civil War?

A

Economic autonomy

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4
Q

After the Civil War for African Americans

A

Slaves were already testing their freedom. Some left, some stayed behind but abandoned their own slave quarters for their own plot of land

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5
Q

What did freedmen want after the Civil War?

A

Community building, voting, access to land and fruits of labor, schools, churches, and political organizations

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6
Q

On July 4 1865, Southerners lost their freedom, and they banned the holiday until when?

A

1960s

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7
Q

What was the Northerner’s vision of freedom after the Civil War?

A

Saw freedom as free labor, thought blacks should just become wage workers and the South should become a free industrial society

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8
Q

What was the white planter’s vision of freedom after the Civil War?

A

They wanted a system as close to slavery as possible

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9
Q

What was the freedmen (former slaves)’ vision of freedom after the Civil War?

A

Land and economic autonomy

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10
Q

What did President Johnson offer the South during Reconstruction?

A

He didn’t like Southern planters, but he offers pardon to Confederates. Southerners who took oath of allegiance can have their property back. Slavery is abolished, and Confederates had to renounce their previous secession.

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11
Q

Black Codes

A

1865-1866. Freedmen could be married, own property, have access to courts, but they could not testify against whites, serve in juries or state militias, could not vote, forced to sign labor contracts (if not, they were vagrants and could possibly go to jail). Some states prohibited land ownership

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12
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

A

Agency that helped former slaves after the Civil War

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13
Q

What are some of the things the Freedmen’s Bureau did?

A

Established some of the first public schools in the South, gave aid to the poor and aged, protected white Unionists who lived in the South

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14
Q

What did the Freedmen’s Bureau believe that stable relations between whites and blacks were dependent on?

A

Good wages and working conditions

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15
Q

13th Amendment

A

Reconstruction amendment, prohibited slavery in the US in January 1865

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16
Q

14th Amendment

A

Reconstruction amendment; defined national citizenship to include former slaves, prohibited denying rights to citizens without “due process of the law”, and denied former Confederates the right to hold office. June 1866

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17
Q

Which amendment gave citizenship to formally enslaved individuals in the United States?

A

14th Amendment

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18
Q

Which amendment defined national citizenship to include former slaves?

A

14th Amendment

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19
Q

What were some of the attitudes and actions of the Confederates during the Southern “redemption”?

A

Humiliated and angry, reminded constantly they had lost the Civil War. They accused Reconstruction governments of corruption, and resented the federal government and the Freedmen’s Bureaus for “coddling” African-Americans. They could not accept them as equals

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20
Q

What were some of the results of the Southerners’ humiliation during the “redemption”?

A

Terrorism and the Ku Klux Klan

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21
Q

When was the Ku Klux Klan founded?

A

In 1866 by six Confederate veterans

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22
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

Terrorist wing of the Democrat party in the South

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23
Q

What are some of the things the Ku Klux Klan did?

A

Burned churches and schools, tried to keep blacks out of politics, killed African Americans and whites that would challenge Democratic power in the South

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24
Q

What was one of the Ku Klux Klan’s most important goals?

A

To undercut the legitimacy of the Reconstruction

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25
Q

In the face of the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorism, what did Southern Republicans need?

A

Protection from federal government and Northern sympathies

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26
Q

Why was Ulysses S. Grant popular in his time?

A

He was seen as one of the people who helped end the Civil War

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27
Q

In response to the escalating violence, what did Ulysses S. Grant pass in his first year in office?

A

The Enforcement Acts

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28
Q

Enforcement Acts

A

Forbade racial discrimination in voting, gives power to President to appoint election supervisors

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29
Q

What did the passing of the Enforcement Acts mark?

A

The first time certain crimes could be punishable under federal law

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30
Q

What were some of the results of the Enforcement Acts?

A

Dozens of Klansmen were prosecuted, boosted morale of the Republicans

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31
Q

Without the federal government’s support, some of the Reconstruction governments would have

A

collapsed

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32
Q

What kind of tactics did the Ku Klux Klan use to ensure Democratic dominance would once again reign in the South?

A

Tactics involved violence, attacked Republican leaders and African Americans, burned down churches and schools, etc.

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33
Q

Northern Retreat

A

Growing criticism for Reconstruction, seen as too much federal power. A growing divide among Republicans, from which a new party emerges

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34
Q

What party emerged from the divide among Republicans during Reconstruction?

A

Liberal Republican Party

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35
Q

In 1872, what party was formed by anti-Grant republicans?

A

Liberal Republican Party

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36
Q

What are some of the points/arguments of the Liberal Republican party?

A

The South should go back to “local self-government”, through economic and political reform.

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37
Q

Critics of the Liberal Republican party thought they would be too easy on the

A

South

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38
Q

The Panic of 1873 was otherwise known as

A

The “Great Depression” before the Great Depression of the 1930s

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39
Q

The Panic of 1873

A

The Jay Cooke Company collapsed, banks failed, stock markets closed, workers laid off. It was one of the first great crises of industrial capitalism

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40
Q

What was the new focus in the Panic of 1873?

A

Focus shifted from Reconstruction to trying to revive the economy, people were no longer very concerned with North vs. South crises

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41
Q

The “Mississippi Plan” in South Carolina

A

“White man” party; made sure African Americans would not have access to the ballot, or intimidated enough that they would stay home. Causes the Republican party to quickly fall

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42
Q

Samuel Tilden

A

One of the candidates in the election of 1876; reformer, critical of reconstruction

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43
Q

Rutherford B. Hayes

A

Wins election of 1876

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44
Q

Rutherford B. Hayes is elected as president because

A

“he is obnoxious to no one”, very bland

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45
Q

Rutherford B. Hayes wanted to return the South back to

A

local governments

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46
Q

The Reconstruction is often called a

A

“unfinished revolution”

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47
Q

“Tilden or Blood”

A

Democrats freak out when Tilden is not elected in 1876, threatens to terrorize and start another Civil War

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48
Q

Backroom deals after election of 1876

A

Democrats: Rutherford can be president but we want “home rule”, subsidies for railroads in the South, cabinet positions for the Democrats, federal troops to leave the South within two months

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49
Q

The backroom deals after the election of 1876 was basically the end of

A

the Reconstruction

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50
Q

The Reconstruction

A

an “unfinished revolution”, an experiment with interracial democracy, an era of black community building and political participation

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51
Q

“Redemption”

A

Southern white counterrevolution, reestablishes white supremacy and conservative government, undermines growth of Republican party in the South

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52
Q

Retreat

A

The North loses interest in the South and economic issues become top priority

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53
Q

America’s Gilded Age

A

Wealthiest Americans consciously pursued an aristocratic lifestyle, actively spent money not on needed or desired goods, but on things that demonstrated the possession of their wealth

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54
Q

Who is Horatio Alger?

A

extremely popular author around the Gilded Age. His stories were about young boys who were born into misfortune and poverty but able to pull themselves up by the bootstraps

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55
Q

What do Horatio Alger’s books say about the attitude of Americans at that time?

A

Americans were increasingly focused on the economy, and these stories encouraged rising out of tribulation by working hard enough

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56
Q

During the Gilded Age, America rapidly entered into an

A

Industrial Age

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57
Q

What is one of the reasons America industrializes so rapidly during the Gilded/Industrial Age?

A

the railroads

58
Q

Why were railroads important?

A

They moved raw materials, labor (helped people go to work), moved goods to consumers, communication, permanent settlement

59
Q

Other reasons for rapid industrialization

A

Space to expand, immigration, increase of unskilled labor, technological advancements, government policies, urbanization (larger labor pool for factories), Horatio Alger

60
Q

In the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, workers base success on

A

value of their labor

61
Q

Factors in the workplace/wages that led to strikes

A

Longer work hours, more rules, and less freedom, growing managerial class, more danger in the workplace, unsteady employment, workers replaced by cheaper labor

62
Q

How did workers respond to changes in workplace wages around 1877?

A

Unionization, and the Knights of Labor

63
Q

Knights of Labor

A

founded 1869, first national union and first group to assemble skilled and unskilled workers, women, men, white, black (but not Asian), in strikes, boycotts, political action and educational/social activities

64
Q

What labor organization was the largest in the nineteenth century?

A

Knights of Labor

65
Q

Gold standard

A

Policy at various parts of American history by which the value of a dollar is set at a fixed price in terms of gold

66
Q

What were some of the goals of the Knights of Labor?

A

Child labor reform, graduate income tax, monetary reform, eliminate traditional wage systems, promote economic cooperation, decide wages, figure out decisions for pricing, and have a cut of the profit, 8 hour work day

67
Q

What day did the Haymarket Riot occur?

A

May 4, 1886

68
Q

What happened at the Haymarket Riot?

A

Strikers were protesting police violence and striking for an 8 hour work day. Someone throws a bomb into the crowd and the police open fire. Afterwards, police chase out Knights of Labor leaders

69
Q

What organization did Samuel Gompers found?

A

American Federation of Labor

70
Q

AFL

A

American Federation of Labor

71
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

Founded in 1881 as a federation of trade unions composed mostly of skilled, white, native-born workers

72
Q

What are some of the things the AFL/Samuel Gompers wanted?

A

Unionism, better working conditions, shorter hours and higher wages, but only for skilled laborers (not women or racial minorities)

73
Q

During the 1880s, you were a successful person if you could

A

provide for yourself

74
Q

For farmers, public work and having to leave the farm meant

A

failure (and seen as a form of slavery)

75
Q

Sharecropping

A

where the producer relies on the landowner for expenses, what they grow is supposed to cover the cost of expenses

76
Q

What was involved in tenancy in the South?

A

Tenant provides seeds and tools, pays rent, and landowner provides the land

77
Q

Crop Lien System

A

produce to pay off a loan that you take from a landowner or merchant

78
Q

The number one concern of most farmers and workers at the end of the 19th century was

A

The Gold Standard

79
Q

Why was the Gold Standard the number one concern of farmers at the end of the 19th century?

A

it meant higher interest rates and few dollars to lend

80
Q

What were some of the causes for agricultural woes for farmers in the Industrial Age?

A

Railroads, taxation systems, agricultural trusts, deflation, the Gold Standard

81
Q

What is an agricultural trust?

A

board that buys up a bunch of supplies and sells them for higher prices

82
Q

By 1890, only…dollar was circulating for every person in the country

A

one

83
Q

The Grange

A

advocated specific farming methods, wanted regulation of railroads, associated with Farmers’ Alliance

84
Q

Farmers’ Alliance

A

largest citizens’ movement of the nineteenth century where farmers sought to remedy their condition

85
Q

When and where was the Farmers’ Alliance founded?

A

in Texas in the late 1870s

86
Q

Labor and populists’ interests

A

Currency reform, government ownership, graduated income tax

87
Q

Populist Party’s Omaha Platform

A

8 hour work day, abolition of private forces, limiting immigration, graduate income tax, Farmer’s Alliance Sub-Treasury plan

88
Q

In the election of 1896, William Jennings Bryan called for the free coinage of

A

silver

89
Q

William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold”

A

Speech wherein Bryan condemned the gold standard, compared the oppression of labor to Christ carrying and being crucified on the cross

90
Q

Issues with free silver

A

No more sub-treasury plan, no more government ownership of railroads, no 8 hour day

91
Q

Who won the election of 1896?

A

William McKinley

92
Q

In the election of 1896, Williams Jennings Bryan was supported by

A

Populists and Democrats

93
Q

Why did the Populists fail in the Election of 1896?

A

a “winner takes all” political system, they lacked party structure, had no money, regional divisions, racial divisions/fears

94
Q

Populist Party

A

Founded in 1892, it advocated a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of US senators

95
Q

Who was Jim Crow?

A

Minstrel show character whose name became synonymous with racial segregation

96
Q

Between 1890-1915, racial segregation became

A

law

97
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

laws enacted to make sure African-Americans do not vote

98
Q

De facto segregation

A

It’s not done by law, but by fact

99
Q

De facto segregation was more commonly done in the

A

North

100
Q

De jure segregation

A

by law

101
Q

Segregation was local and gradual, and moved from the

A

lower to upper South

102
Q

Around 1890-1915, segregation was a

A

new institution

103
Q

The Fusionists were comprised of

A

black Republicans and populists

104
Q

The Fusionists threatened to steal votes from the

A

Democrats

105
Q

Black editor Alexander Manly accused white man of being wrong for

A

trying to force blacks out of politics

106
Q

After Alexander Manly’s accusations, who burned Manly’s office and study?

A

White democrats, Alfred Waddell

107
Q

The burning of Alexander Manly’s office led to the

A

Wilmington Riot

108
Q

How many people were killed in the Wilmington Riot?

A

about 300 people

109
Q

What is one thing whites in the South used to reclaim their region?

A

race riots

110
Q

Lynching was used by whites to

A

intimidate African-Americans (and sometimes other whites) to perpetuate white supremacy

111
Q

Disfranchisement of blacks included

A

Literacy tests, understanding clauses, The Grandfather Clause, poll tax, white primary

112
Q

Grandfather Clause

A

Clause used to disfranchise blacks, clause stated that if your grandfather could vote before 1865, you could vote

113
Q

White primary

A

“private club”, in which various states in the South you could only be white to be a Democrat

114
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

1896, US Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of the Jim Crow laws that permitted/required “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites

115
Q

What 1896 US Supreme Court decision supported the legality of the Jim Crow laws that permitted/required “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites?

A

Plessy v. Ferguson

116
Q

Louisiana state law segregated railroads, which resulted in the

A

Plessy v. Ferguson trial

117
Q

Disfranchisement/disenfranchisement

A

revocation of the right of suffrage

118
Q

Pretext of lynching was often

A

the rape of white women by black women

119
Q

Lynching was used to justify the protection of

A

white women

120
Q

Dawes Act (1887)

A

meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers

121
Q

The land sold and citizenship through the Dawes Act was only offered to Native Americans if they

A

adopted civilized life

122
Q

Indian schools

A

Americans put Indian children into schools, attempting to “civilize” Natives

123
Q

50 years after the Dawes Act, natives lost nearly

A

80 million acres of land

124
Q

In 1924, Congress made all natives

A

citizens

125
Q

Chinese on the West Coast

A

First arrive during the Gold Rush and railroad building years

126
Q

Chinese were seen as unwanted

A

economic competition

127
Q

Nativism

A

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent in the 1830s-1850s

128
Q

What are some of the things nativists feared?

A

Immigrants, foreign languages, economic competition, local political power, Anglo-Saxons being outnumbered

129
Q

Nativist strategies

A

Restriction of immigrants, discrimination (barred immigrants from clubs, resorts, schools), assimilation and Americanization

130
Q

The consequences of white supremacy

A

Exclusion (Jim Crow), immigration restrictions, assimilation (Americanization) of European immigrants, Native Americans, imperialism

131
Q

Imperialism

A

aggressive foreign policy towards darker-skinned nations

132
Q

Progressivism probably began when the Populist movement began to

A

die out

133
Q

The progressive moment was a very

A

diverse group, including businessmen, women reformers, social scientists, etc.

134
Q

What did the progressives believe?

A

Belief in progress, individual emancipation, rationality, and methodology

135
Q

Progressives’ belief in progress

A

Old civilization had to give way to an industrial one, believes society is continually progressing

136
Q

Progressives’ belief in individual emancipation

A

everybody should be free, have freedom of choice

137
Q

Progressives’ belief in rationality

A

belief that everybody has the inherent ability to be rational

138
Q

Muckrakers

A

journalists that exposed the seedy underbelly of society

139
Q

Examples of muckrakers

A

Lincoln Stevens, Upton Sinclair

140
Q

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

A

• Exposed the disgusting conditions of the meat packing industry, how workers were treated, slaughterhouses, etc.

141
Q

Lincoln Stevens

A

First muckraker, book Shame of the City insufficiency in the government

142
Q

Progressives’ belief in methodology

A

Society had the means to resolve problems, involved scientific method

History 2710 (6 decks)

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