History Notes Flashcards
War Of Roses
Civil war of England between two royal families…
House of Lancaster ( Red Rose ) vs House of York ( White )
- Henry VI and Richard of York
Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodsville
Had 3 kids
1. Edward V
2. Elizabeth of York
3. Richard, Duke of York
Anthony Woodsville vs Richard Duke of Glocester
Richard finds out Anthony wants to kill Edward V
- Has him arrested.
Richard Duke of Gloucester
Becomes King = Richard III
- Both sons of Edward IV died once got to tower.
( Edward V, Richard Duke of York )
Richard III
Marries Ann Neville
- Have son, Edward
- Neville becomes depressed and fixated on Nephew
: Edward, Earl of Warwick
Henry Tudor ( Earl of Richmond )
Disliked Richard III
Bosworth Field
Richard III and Henry Tudor fight; Richard III is killed.
New King: Henry VII ( Henry Tudor )
Marries Elizabeth of York.
- Starts Tudors.
- He reaches out to Pope Innocent VIII for validation of the throne, to make stronger king.
Linear Perspective
Leon Banstra Alberri, creates shadow and 3D objects
- Planned on appearence first
Contraposto
Emphasizes placement, proportional
Battle of the Vanities
Stack of clothing, art and set on fire, things that were seen to “ damn” the soul
Whore of Babylon
Alexander VI + Family described by Church as…
French / Italian Wars
French invade Northern Italy
Why? French King laid claim in Southern Italy and Florence objected.
( French King = Charles VIII )
Julius II sponsors
Raphael, young artist in late 20’s
- The Sistine Madonna ( Most famous painting in the World )
- School of Athens = Best Work
Bapistry
Where baptisms take place
Lorenzo Ghbierti vs Filippo Brunellcli
Whoever makes better painting of the “ Sacrifice of Issac” get to design Bapistry doors.
- Ghbierti wins
Bapistry of St.John
Gates of Paradise ( the doors )
Henry VII 1ST Major Crisis
- 1487- Lambert Siminel
- Manipulator: John de la Pole
- Earl of Lincoln
- Issue with King Richard III lost baby and Neville became fixated on nephew. Earl of Warwick who is Lambert Siminel
Richard III Succesor
is Lincoln Siminel, says he is on throne illegaly
Edward, Earl of Warwick
Is nephew of Ann Neville, Richard III
Lambert Siminel
Claiming to be Edward of Warwick, he becomes on throne as Edward
- Lincoln plans to kill Siminel off.
Battle of Stoke
Henry VII and Lincoln build army
- Lincoln is killed.
- Henry VII meets with Siminel who suffers from a mental incapacity ( manipulated )
- Employs him ( CRISIS OVER )
Henry VII 2nd Major Crisis
After, new man, Perkin Warbeck: Claims to be Duke of York ( Richmond )
- Richard and Edward V were the 2 sons killed in tower by Richard III now there are two people claiming to be them.
Perkin Warbeck
Richard, Duke of York, claims to be Edward V
- Runs into sister of Edward V receives endorsements
BIG THREAT: Receiving national support
- Wants to invade England ( Scotish King offers help )
- Fails! 80 people waiting for him
York Tax Uprising
Henry VII raises taxes once he found out the Treasury is empty.
- People don’t wanna pay these taxes, they kill tax collector.
Cornish Revolt
Another Tax rebellion, Army costs money taxes double
- Warbeck leads Rebellion
Perkin Warbeck meets
Real Edward, Earl of Warwick in prison.
Henry VII executes them both.
New problem: BIGGEST
Tension: Centerally located.
Dispensation
Exception from a law, rule.
Henry VIII
Wanted to marry Katherine of Aragon, tries getting dispensation from Pope. ( Julius II )
2 Contracts
Religious: Consemate marriage ( sex )
Civil: Joined 2 households “ I do “
- Henry claims Arthur never consemated marriage
The Holy League
Julius II: Papacy, Holy Roman Emperor: Maximilan,
Ferdinand II: Spain, Henry VIII from England
1513 Julius II
Dies
- Maximilan and Ferdinand make peace with France
- Henry VIII, also makes peace, outnumbered in fighting
French King
Louis XII, wants to marry Henry VIII daughter, Mary Tudor.
Francis I
Becomes King of France, after Louis XII dies
1st Crisis between Henry VIII and Francis I
Organize conference for the two:
- Field of the Cloth of Gold
- 2 become friends.
- Henry and Francis wrestle, Francis wins, Henry looses and never forgives him.
2nd Crisis for Henry VIII
Johannes Gutenburg: Liked ideal of printing
- HE DID NOT INVENT PRINTING
- INVENTED MOVABLE TYPE
Luther Complaints
- Eucharistic Ritual; Incomplete
- Transubstantion: Unreal
Popes: Problem
Ferdinand II of Spain dies, Spanish throne to Carlos I
Then HRE Maximilan dies; throne to Carlos I
Carlos I
Ruler of Spain and HRE; is Charles V
- Creates problem for France.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Tendency to intermarry
- Genetic issues
- Hasburg chin
Frederick II of Saxony
An elector on the Empire
- Hides Luther in castle
- Kidnapped him
Martin Luther
Translates bible to German
Leo X
Dies, and French invade Northern Italy
German Peasant War
Taking what Luther said about Church, adding it as a whole.
Short lived: Luther condemns it
Protestant
Not damnination, refers to category you fall under.
Society of Friends
Religious group, sit in large circle and pray intensely. Ask Holy Spirit to bless meeting.
Quakers
Name for Society of Friends
“On the Jews and Their Lives”
A book that urges followers to burn down Jewish homes, kick them out of Europe.
Author: Martin Luther
John Calvin
Follower of Luther, thinks he made some mistakes though. Calvinism is based on him
: relies on predestination
Predestination
Believe some are predetermined to go to Heaven, Hell or in the middle, middle group doesn’t have enough grace to go up but can’t go down neither.
English Reformation
The English Reformation happened because of the selfish desires of a king, Henry VIII, had received a special dispensation from the papacy to marry his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon, aunt of Charles V and hence a member of the most powerful royal line in Europe. Catherine, however, was only able to bear Henry a daughter, Mary, and failed to produce a son. Henry decided he needed a new wife and another chance at a male heir, so he started an affair with Anne Boleyn, a young noblewoman in his court. Simultaneously, Henry petitioned the pope for a divorce - a practice that was strictly forbidden. The pope refused, and in defiance in 1531 Henry, under the auspices of a compliant local Catholic leader, divorced Catherine and married Anne.
Thirty Years War
The most devastating religious conflict in European history happened in the middle of the Holy Roman Empire. It ultimately dragged on for decades and saw the reduction of the population in the German Lands of between 20 – 40%. That conflict, the Thirty Years’ War, saw the most horrific acts of violence, the greatest loss of life, and the greatest suffering among both soldiers and civilians of any of the religious wars of the period.
The Effects of the Reformation
By the late sixteenth century, the lines of division within western Christianity were permanently drawn. Christianity was (and remains, although the enmity between the different groups is much less pronounced in the modern era) divided
The compromise fell apart because of a specific incident ( Thirty Year War )
The attempted murder of two Catholic imperial officials by Protestant nobles in Prague, when the emperor Ferdinand II attempted to crack down on Protestants in Bohemia (corresponding to the present-day Czech Republic). Ferdinand sent officials to Prague to demand that Bohemia as a whole renounce Protestantism and convert to Catholicism. The Bohemian Diet, the local parliament of nobles, refused and threw the two officials out of the window of the building in which they were meeting; that event came to be known as the Defenestration of Prague (“defenestration” literally means “un-windowing”).
How did Renaissance benefit Italy?
- Babylonian Captivity
- Great Western Schism
- Pope authority was limited.
- Centered elsewhere
Moveable type printing press benefits
Rate at which info was shared and the introduction of literacy
- Begin process of language itself
Patronage
Pay in advance for artwork
- Cosmo De Medici, threw a party
Humanism Inputs
Education, talent
