History: Medicine Stands Still Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Hippocrates?

A
  • Father of medicine
  • 4 humors theory
  • Used herbal/natural remedies
  • Scientific method of observation
  • Hippocratic Corpus (his book collection)
  • Hippocratic Oath (present)
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2
Q

What is the four humors theory?

A

Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile.
Humors must be balanced to remain healthy.
To keep balanced: purged, leeches, herbal remedies.

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3
Q

Who is Galen?

A
  • 129AD
  • Performed live surgeries
  • Proved the brain controlled speech
  • Basis of medical knowledge for 14,000 years
  • Developed theory of opposites
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4
Q

What did Galen’s method of dissection help prove?

A
  • Gains knowledge on thew body.
  • Work was wrong: ‘‘The jaw is made from two bones’’ (observed from a monkey)
  • Believed the heart was divided into two.
  • Proved the brain controlled speech not the heart.
  • Heart and veins carried blood.
  • Used animals therefore science was wrong.
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5
Q

Galen’s writing.

A
  • Wrote 60 books
  • Became basis of medical teaching
  • Mistakes were passed on as a result of Galen, hindering medical progress.
  • Ideas fit with the Christian belief: ‘perfect design.’
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6
Q

Influence of Islam.

A
  • Poultice was used to take pain away.
  • They used amputation to cut off a leg.
  • Diet changes given to the unintelligent.
  • '’For every disease, Allah has given a cure.’’
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7
Q

Who was Al-Rashid?

A
  • Set up new hospital in Baghadad = intention of treating patients.
  • Built hospitals in cities to help general public.
  • Treated everyone
  • Doctors always present and students observed.
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8
Q

Who was Al-Nafis?

A
  • Concluded that Galen was wrong about how the heart worked.
  • Interrogated and questioned Galen’s work (seen as radical at the time)
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9
Q

Describe Islamic hospitals.

A
  • Pharmacies, storage, halls etc.
  • Fountains (Iwan) provided clean water and baths.
  • Separated wards based on gender.
  • Separated wards based on ailments.
  • Wards for surgery and the mentally ill.
  • Rosters of physicians and pharmacists.
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10
Q

Who was Al-Razi?

A
  • Identified measles was different to smallpox (symptoms)
  • 150 books
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11
Q

Who was Ibn Sina?

A
  • Great Encyclopedia of Medicine
  • Covered whole of Ancient Greek and Islamic medicine.
  • Listed properties of 760 drugs.
  • Encyclopedia had chapters on anorexia and obesity.
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12
Q

Functions of Christian Churches.

A
  • 47% housed elderly and poor.
  • 31% Hospitals = provided no medical care
  • 12% Shelters for travelers and pilgrims.
    - 10% Cared for the sick.
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13
Q

Medical Christian beliefs.

A
  • Disease is a punishment from God
  • '’Care not cure’’
  • Encouraged people to go fight in crusades = more wounds to treat but brings expansion on medical knowledge
  • Controlled the training of doctors = could not make medical advancements
  • Nobody could challenge Galen = inaccuracies on medical understanding prevails
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14
Q

Who was John of Gaddesden?

A
  • Studied Galenic and Hippocratic texts
  • Used the urine chart: examined color, smell and taste
  • Suggested the use of bloodletting to ‘clear the mind’
  • Used Zodiac Chart to know when to treat patients
  • Developed a cure of memory loss by eating the heart of a nightingale
  • Only treated the rich
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15
Q

Who was John of Arderne?

A
  • 14th Century
  • First English Surgeon and first to question Galen’s work
  • Early use of pain killers for operations: opium and henbane (Islamic Med)
  • Cautersied knights’ anal fistulas
  • 1368: ‘Practica’ - shares expertise on surgery
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16
Q

Who was John Bradmore?

A
  • 1412
  • Surgeon at the Battle of Shrewsby
  • Observed King Henry V wound
  • Treat it using ointment consisting of honey and elder flower
  • Seals wound using poultice
  • Designed the ‘Bradmore Screw’ to remove arrow heads
  • First uses of antiseptic - honey bandage.
17
Q

Who was Hildegard of Bingen?

A
  • German Polymath
  • Infamous wise woman
  • Wrote: ‘Physica’ and ‘Cause & Cure’ = understanding of the natural world through plants, animals and minerals
  • Recorded which herbs to use for specific disorders
  • Used the idea that God created nature to get around the catholic teaching ‘Care not Cure.’
  • Holisitc Approach: diet, exercise and emotional well-being had to be in sync in order to be in good health
  • Power of prayer also helped.
  • Longer Term: work remained studied at monasteries
18
Q

Role of Barber Surgeons.

A
  • Provided minor surgical procedures (bloodletting, tooth extraction and treatment of wounds)
  • Advanced use of surgical equipment
  • Provided affordable care to the poor
  • Not trained surgeons so infection rates were common as was death
  • Inspired future improvements of sterilization
  • Laid groundwork for modern surgery
19
Q

Gov action on Public Health in 1298?

A

Complaints of unhygienic conditions = public toilets became more common.

20
Q

Gov action on Public Health in 1330?

A

Law imposed to stop butchers from throwing animal remains into the street.

21
Q

Gov action on Public Health in 1421?

A

Mayor of Coventry told men to clean street in front of their house every Saturday or to pay a fine.
Waste collection began.

22
Q

Role of the Monastery.

A
  • Improved Public Health status
  • Cleaner water supplies
  • Seperate rooms for washing, eating and sleeping.
  • Own gardens = healthy foods
  • Bees for honey = good natural remedy to balance the four humors.
  • Away from cities = disease not spread easily
23
Q

Negatives surrounding Monasteries?

A
  • Accumulated wealth = people began to question their sanctuary
24
Q

How did the Black Death spread?

A
  • England in 1348
  • Fleas on rats carried the germ
  • Living conditions in towns was poor = breeding ground of disease = spread quickly
25
Q

Preventative methods to the Black death?

A
  • Flagellation: people would flog or whip themselves as a form of punishment (thought to redeem themselves to God)
  • Copper: monks dug up copper from under Church grounds and used it to ward off the black death
  • Quarantine: isolated the people with the disease (quite uncommon at this time)
26
Q

Name the three strands of plague.

A
  • Bubonic: buboes and spread via flies
  • Pneumonic: attacked lungs and spread via coughing
  • Septicemic: attacked blood stream = organs shut down
27
Q

What were the believed causes of the Black Death?

A
  • Imbalance of the body’s humors
  • Some said Jews had poisoned the water supply
  • Physicians explained it through astronomy
  • Miasma (bad smells)
  • Punishment from God for sinning
28
Q

How much of the population did the plague kill?

A

1/3 of the population died
100% mortality rate

29
Q

Consequences of the plague?

A
  • Few workers and survivors demanded higher wages.
  • Power of the Church dimmed = many clergy died
  • Beliefs of Galen and Hippocrates were questioned
  • King Edward III closed parliament
30
Q

Which Queen opposed bathing? (not English monarch)

A

Queen Isabelle of Castille opposed bathing and she rarely bathed.