History: Medicine Stands Still Flashcards
1
Q
Who is Hippocrates?
A
- Father of medicine
- 4 humors theory
- Used herbal/natural remedies
- Scientific method of observation
- Hippocratic Corpus (his book collection)
- Hippocratic Oath (present)
2
Q
What is the four humors theory?
A
Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile.
Humors must be balanced to remain healthy.
To keep balanced: purged, leeches, herbal remedies.
3
Q
Who is Galen?
A
- 129AD
- Performed live surgeries
- Proved the brain controlled speech
- Basis of medical knowledge for 14,000 years
- Developed theory of opposites
4
Q
What did Galen’s method of dissection help prove?
A
- Gains knowledge on thew body.
- Work was wrong: ‘‘The jaw is made from two bones’’ (observed from a monkey)
- Believed the heart was divided into two.
- Proved the brain controlled speech not the heart.
- Heart and veins carried blood.
- Used animals therefore science was wrong.
5
Q
Galen’s writing.
A
- Wrote 60 books
- Became basis of medical teaching
- Mistakes were passed on as a result of Galen, hindering medical progress.
- Ideas fit with the Christian belief: ‘perfect design.’
6
Q
Influence of Islam.
A
- Poultice was used to take pain away.
- They used amputation to cut off a leg.
- Diet changes given to the unintelligent.
- '’For every disease, Allah has given a cure.’’
7
Q
Who was Al-Rashid?
A
- Set up new hospital in Baghadad = intention of treating patients.
- Built hospitals in cities to help general public.
- Treated everyone
- Doctors always present and students observed.
8
Q
Who was Al-Nafis?
A
- Concluded that Galen was wrong about how the heart worked.
- Interrogated and questioned Galen’s work (seen as radical at the time)
9
Q
Describe Islamic hospitals.
A
- Pharmacies, storage, halls etc.
- Fountains (Iwan) provided clean water and baths.
- Separated wards based on gender.
- Separated wards based on ailments.
- Wards for surgery and the mentally ill.
- Rosters of physicians and pharmacists.
10
Q
Who was Al-Razi?
A
- Identified measles was different to smallpox (symptoms)
- 150 books
11
Q
Who was Ibn Sina?
A
- Great Encyclopedia of Medicine
- Covered whole of Ancient Greek and Islamic medicine.
- Listed properties of 760 drugs.
- Encyclopedia had chapters on anorexia and obesity.
12
Q
Functions of Christian Churches.
A
- 47% housed elderly and poor.
- 31% Hospitals = provided no medical care
- 12% Shelters for travelers and pilgrims.
- 10% Cared for the sick.
13
Q
Medical Christian beliefs.
A
- Disease is a punishment from God
- '’Care not cure’’
- Encouraged people to go fight in crusades = more wounds to treat but brings expansion on medical knowledge
- Controlled the training of doctors = could not make medical advancements
- Nobody could challenge Galen = inaccuracies on medical understanding prevails
14
Q
Who was John of Gaddesden?
A
- Studied Galenic and Hippocratic texts
- Used the urine chart: examined color, smell and taste
- Suggested the use of bloodletting to ‘clear the mind’
- Used Zodiac Chart to know when to treat patients
- Developed a cure of memory loss by eating the heart of a nightingale
- Only treated the rich
15
Q
Who was John of Arderne?
A
- 14th Century
- First English Surgeon and first to question Galen’s work
- Early use of pain killers for operations: opium and henbane (Islamic Med)
- Cautersied knights’ anal fistulas
- 1368: ‘Practica’ - shares expertise on surgery