History: A Revolution in Medicine Flashcards
What helped improve medical records and records in general in the Renaissance?
The print and press.
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
- 1514 - 1564
- Anatomist and the first person to start dissection
- Produced anatomical charts of blood and the nervous system
- Opposed Galen’s ideas through his own experimentation
What was Vesalius’ book named?
On the Fabric of The Human Body
How was Vesalius radical?
- Dissected human bodies
- Grave robbed to improve his medical understanding
- Corrected over 209 of Galen’s mistakes
What (inaccurate) theory did Jean De Vigo come up with?
- Theory that gunshots were poisonous
- As a result, hot iron would seal the wound (ineffective = painful)
What was used to treat the new arrival of the musket bullet wound?
Boiling Oil
What battle did Pare fight in?
Sige of Turin
Who was Ambroise Pare?
- Thought for himself
- Operated during 1537
- Developed prosthetics
- Developed ligatures as an alternative to cauterization = prevents infection of the wound
- His work did not decrease death rates
- Suggested blood pusses from the side of the heart to the other through holes in the septum.
What was Pare’s invention? (1)
- The Crowsbeak
- Clamped off the artery
What was Pare’s other invention? (2)
- Ligatures
- Cut off the artery with a string
- Prevented blood loss during amputation
What was Pare’s ointment?
- Egg yolk, oil of roses and turpentine
- Wounds treated with this reduced pain
Describe Pare’s book.
- 1575
- ‘The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare’
- Proposed changes to the way surgeons treated wounds and amputations
What was William Harvey’s work?
- Analysed serpents and fish
- Tied a bandage to cut circulation
- From his findings he suggested blood travels in a double circular system
- Arteries also carried nutrients
What was William Harvey’s book called?
On the Motion of The Human Heart
What did Harvey discover?
- The heart plumped blood not the liver
- Disproved that blood flows through the septum
Who was Harvey?
- Physician and Anatomist
- Worked as a doctor
- Later became a royal surgeon to James I and Charles I
- Dissected cold blooded animals and humans
- Built knowledge on the cardiovascular system
- Mechanical water pumps gave him the idea the heart pumped in a circular motion
List obstacles during the Renaissance.
- Impact on everyday health was limited
- Knowledge of anatomy had improved but surgery remained risky
- Doctors refused to accept the new knowledge
When was the microscope discovered?
- 1665
- Robert Hooke (light microscopes)
When did charity hospitals open?
- 1700s
How did charity hospitals help?
- Only admitted those who would recover quickly = avoided spreading disease
What hospital helped the mentally unwell?
- Bedlam Hospital treated the mentally unwell
- Treatment was often cruel and neglectful
What was a new drug discovered during the Renaissance?
- Quintine
- Acted as an anaesthetic,, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral and was used as an insecticide
What were Quack Doctors?
- Fraudsters
- No medical knowledge
- Often sold strong spirits to give the effect that their ‘antidotes’ healed the sick
- Often carried sweet smells due to the Plague
Why were quack doctors so popular?
- People had no concept of germs or germ theory at this point in time
- General publics were desperate and would do anything for a cure
When did the Great Plague begin?
- 1665
- Most common was bubonic
What was done differently during this wave?
- Mayor of London closed down the gates
- Watch guards quarantined the sick
- The Bill of Mortality was introduced
- People had to spend 40 days and 40 nights in their homes
How many people died as a result of the Great Plague?
- 100,000 people died
- 1 in 5 survived
List treatments to the plague.
- Applying chicken feathers to a sore
- Wrapped the sores up in a woolen bandage
- Made the patient sweat
- Ensured the sores rose
- Cut a live pigeon in half and apply to the sores
- Or applied a plaster of egg yolk, honey, herbs and wheat
How did the Government respond to the Great Plague of 1665?
- Examiners were appointed to find out who was sick and marked them with a red cross = controls the spread of disease
- Women were appointed as searchers in every parish = records were kept of how many people had died from the Plague each week.
- Burial of dead done before sun rise or after sun set = ensured infection doesn’t spread
- All activities that required large gatherings were banned
- Street needed to be kept clean
Who was John Hunter?
- 1728
- Scotsman
- Seren as a grave robber - surgical operations ahead of his time
- Practiced on humans and corpses
- Became unpopular after his arrest due to stealing from Graves (viewed as unethical)
What did Hunter use for transplant operations?
Hunter used chickens
What did Hunter do to arteries?
Tied off arteries to stop backflow
Taught other doctors these techniques
What was Hunter’s work?
- Worked on how to fix a pulmonary embolism without amputating limbs
- This wasn’t as effective as people preferred to use barber surgeons
- He taught Edward Jenner who learned many scientific techniques off of him such as observation, recording and diagnosing
What did Hunter give himself to better scientific explanation?
He gave himself an STD consequently he was given gonorrhea allowing him to find a treatment and test on himself.
What method did Lady Mary Worrley develop?
Incolulation
- Infected her daughter with small doses of smallpox
What had Turkish wise women using for ages?
Inoculation
- ‘‘As a child it is better to build immunity.’’
What is inoculation?
Infecting someone with a tiny amount of the disease to make the immune to said disease.
- Still posed risks as the inoculated could spread the disease to other people having no control.
What is vaccination?
Inserting DIFFERENT disease into a HEALTHY individual to stop them contracting another disease.
- Injection of said other disease leads the person to become completely immune from the main disease.
How much of the population died of smallpox?
10% of the population died
What fraction of children deaths were attributed to smallpox?
1/3 of children’s deaths
In 1796 how many died of smallpox?
3548 deaths in London alone
Who was Edward Jenner?
- 1749
- Got the inoculation of smallpox at 8 y/o
- Discovered the smallpox vaccine
How did Jenner discover the smallpox vaccine?
- Milkmaid came to him with cowpox
- He observed the milkmaid couldn’t get smallpox
- Although, to make a fair test he spoke to plenty milkmaids
Who did Jenner first prescribe the smallpox vaccine to?
James Phipps
Describe the process of the smallpox vaccination?
- Gave James Phipps the puss from a cowpox sore
- After a few weeks, he gave a dose of smallpox
- Observed the boy waiting for results
- Concluded cowpox prevented smallpox
What was the outcome of the vaccine?
Saved more people than anybody has ever done before
One point of significance of the smallpox vaccine?
- Had been killing thousands over the Middle Ages and finally been put to a stop
- Rhazes found the first symptoms of smallpox
Why did the Church oppose Jenner?
Using animal infections in human medicine trials is against God’s will
Why did Inoculators oppose Jenner?
Their business was destroyed
Why did the Royal Society oppose Jenner?
Refused to publish ideas due to mass opposition
What happened in 1837?
- Smallpox epidemic
- 35,000 people died
- The latter blamed inoculation for this
When did the Government agree to supply children with the smallpox vaccine?
1840
When was the smallpox vaccination made compulsory?
1852
When were public vaccinations appointed?
1871
When is smallpox eradicated?
1979
