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GCSE History > History: A Revolution in Medicine > Flashcards

History: A Revolution in Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What helped improve medical records and records in general in the Renaissance?

A

The print and press.

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2
Q

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

A
  • 1514 - 1564
  • Anatomist and the first person to start dissection
  • Produced anatomical charts of blood and the nervous system
  • Opposed Galen’s ideas through his own experimentation
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3
Q

What was Vesalius’ book named?

A

On the Fabric of The Human Body

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4
Q

How was Vesalius radical?

A
  • Dissected human bodies
  • Grave robbed to improve his medical understanding
  • Corrected over 209 of Galen’s mistakes
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5
Q

What (inaccurate) theory did Jean De Vigo come up with?

A
  • Theory that gunshots were poisonous
  • As a result, hot iron would seal the wound (ineffective = painful)
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6
Q

What was used to treat the new arrival of the musket bullet wound?

A

Boiling Oil

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7
Q

What battle did Pare fight in?

A

Sige of Turin

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8
Q

Who was Ambroise Pare?

A
  • Thought for himself
  • Operated during 1537
  • Developed prosthetics
  • Developed ligatures as an alternative to cauterization = prevents infection of the wound
  • His work did not decrease death rates
  • Suggested blood pusses from the side of the heart to the other through holes in the septum.
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9
Q

What was Pare’s invention? (1)

A
  • The Crowsbeak
  • Clamped off the artery
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10
Q

What was Pare’s other invention? (2)

A
  • Ligatures
  • Cut off the artery with a string
  • Prevented blood loss during amputation
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10
Q

What was Pare’s ointment?

A
  • Egg yolk, oil of roses and turpentine
  • Wounds treated with this reduced pain
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11
Q

Describe Pare’s book.

A
  • 1575
  • ‘The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare’
  • Proposed changes to the way surgeons treated wounds and amputations
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12
Q

What was William Harvey’s work?

A
  • Analysed serpents and fish
  • Tied a bandage to cut circulation
  • From his findings he suggested blood travels in a double circular system
  • Arteries also carried nutrients
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13
Q

What was William Harvey’s book called?

A

On the Motion of The Human Heart

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14
Q

What did Harvey discover?

A
  • The heart plumped blood not the liver
  • Disproved that blood flows through the septum
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15
Q

Who was Harvey?

A
  • Physician and Anatomist
  • Worked as a doctor
  • Later became a royal surgeon to James I and Charles I
  • Dissected cold blooded animals and humans
  • Built knowledge on the cardiovascular system
  • Mechanical water pumps gave him the idea the heart pumped in a circular motion
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16
Q

List obstacles during the Renaissance.

A
  • Impact on everyday health was limited
  • Knowledge of anatomy had improved but surgery remained risky
  • Doctors refused to accept the new knowledge
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17
Q

When was the microscope discovered?

A
  • 1665
  • Robert Hooke (light microscopes)
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18
Q

When did charity hospitals open?

A
  • 1700s
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19
Q

How did charity hospitals help?

A
  • Only admitted those who would recover quickly = avoided spreading disease
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20
Q

What hospital helped the mentally unwell?

A
  • Bedlam Hospital treated the mentally unwell
  • Treatment was often cruel and neglectful
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21
Q

What was a new drug discovered during the Renaissance?

A
  • Quintine
  • Acted as an anaesthetic,, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral and was used as an insecticide
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22
Q

What were Quack Doctors?

A
  • Fraudsters
  • No medical knowledge
  • Often sold strong spirits to give the effect that their ‘antidotes’ healed the sick
  • Often carried sweet smells due to the Plague
23
Q

Why were quack doctors so popular?

A
  • People had no concept of germs or germ theory at this point in time
  • General publics were desperate and would do anything for a cure
24
Q

When did the Great Plague begin?

A
  • 1665
  • Most common was bubonic
25
Q

What was done differently during this wave?

A
  • Mayor of London closed down the gates
  • Watch guards quarantined the sick
  • The Bill of Mortality was introduced
  • People had to spend 40 days and 40 nights in their homes
26
Q

How many people died as a result of the Great Plague?

A
  • 100,000 people died
  • 1 in 5 survived
27
Q

List treatments to the plague.

A
  • Applying chicken feathers to a sore
  • Wrapped the sores up in a woolen bandage
  • Made the patient sweat
  • Ensured the sores rose
  • Cut a live pigeon in half and apply to the sores
  • Or applied a plaster of egg yolk, honey, herbs and wheat
28
Q

How did the Government respond to the Great Plague of 1665?

A
  • Examiners were appointed to find out who was sick and marked them with a red cross = controls the spread of disease
  • Women were appointed as searchers in every parish = records were kept of how many people had died from the Plague each week.
  • Burial of dead done before sun rise or after sun set = ensured infection doesn’t spread
  • All activities that required large gatherings were banned
  • Street needed to be kept clean
29
Q

Who was John Hunter?

A
  • 1728
  • Scotsman
  • Seren as a grave robber - surgical operations ahead of his time
  • Practiced on humans and corpses
  • Became unpopular after his arrest due to stealing from Graves (viewed as unethical)
30
Q

What did Hunter use for transplant operations?

A

Hunter used chickens

31
Q

What did Hunter do to arteries?

A

Tied off arteries to stop backflow
Taught other doctors these techniques

32
Q

What was Hunter’s work?

A
  • Worked on how to fix a pulmonary embolism without amputating limbs
  • This wasn’t as effective as people preferred to use barber surgeons
  • He taught Edward Jenner who learned many scientific techniques off of him such as observation, recording and diagnosing
33
Q

What did Hunter give himself to better scientific explanation?

A

He gave himself an STD consequently he was given gonorrhea allowing him to find a treatment and test on himself.

34
Q

What method did Lady Mary Worrley develop?

A

Incolulation
- Infected her daughter with small doses of smallpox

35
Q

What had Turkish wise women using for ages?

A

Inoculation
- ‘‘As a child it is better to build immunity.’’

36
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Infecting someone with a tiny amount of the disease to make the immune to said disease.
- Still posed risks as the inoculated could spread the disease to other people having no control.

37
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Inserting DIFFERENT disease into a HEALTHY individual to stop them contracting another disease.
- Injection of said other disease leads the person to become completely immune from the main disease.

38
Q

How much of the population died of smallpox?

A

10% of the population died

39
Q

What fraction of children deaths were attributed to smallpox?

A

1/3 of children’s deaths

40
Q

In 1796 how many died of smallpox?

A

3548 deaths in London alone

41
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A
  • 1749
  • Got the inoculation of smallpox at 8 y/o
  • Discovered the smallpox vaccine
42
Q

How did Jenner discover the smallpox vaccine?

A
  • Milkmaid came to him with cowpox
  • He observed the milkmaid couldn’t get smallpox
  • Although, to make a fair test he spoke to plenty milkmaids
43
Q

Who did Jenner first prescribe the smallpox vaccine to?

A

James Phipps

44
Q

Describe the process of the smallpox vaccination?

A
  • Gave James Phipps the puss from a cowpox sore
  • After a few weeks, he gave a dose of smallpox
  • Observed the boy waiting for results
  • Concluded cowpox prevented smallpox
45
Q

What was the outcome of the vaccine?

A

Saved more people than anybody has ever done before

46
Q

One point of significance of the smallpox vaccine?

A
  • Had been killing thousands over the Middle Ages and finally been put to a stop
  • Rhazes found the first symptoms of smallpox
47
Q

Why did the Church oppose Jenner?

A

Using animal infections in human medicine trials is against God’s will

48
Q

Why did Inoculators oppose Jenner?

A

Their business was destroyed

49
Q

Why did the Royal Society oppose Jenner?

A

Refused to publish ideas due to mass opposition

50
Q

What happened in 1837?

A
  • Smallpox epidemic
  • 35,000 people died
  • The latter blamed inoculation for this
51
Q

When did the Government agree to supply children with the smallpox vaccine?

A

1840

52
Q

When was the smallpox vaccination made compulsory?

A

1852

53
Q

When were public vaccinations appointed?

A

1871

54
Q

When is smallpox eradicated?

A

1979

GCSE History (4 decks)

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