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History — Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Medieval Period?

A

1250-1500

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2
Q

When was the Renaissance Period?

A

1500-1700

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3
Q

When was the Industrial Period?

A

1700-1900

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4
Q

When is the Modern Period?

A

1900-present day

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5
Q

When was the Black Death?

A

1348 (Medieval Period)

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6
Q

What was the Black Death?

A

An epidemic of bubonic and pneumonic plague which spread from Asia to Europe, killing a third of the European population

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7
Q

What did people believe caused disease in the Medieval Period?

A

Punishment from God, bad air (miasma), imbalance in the 4 Humours

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8
Q

How did people try to prevent disease in the Medieval Period?

A

Self-flagellation, prayers, sweet smelling herbs

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9
Q

How did people treat disease in the Medieval Period?

A

Herbal remedies, prayers, care & warmth

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10
Q

What was the Theory of the 4 Humours?

A

A theory first proposed by Hippocrates, that illness is caused by imbalances in the 4 Humours: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm

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11
Q

What was the Theory of Opposites?

A

A theory proposed by Galen, that to treat an illness, you must administer its opposite, e.g. treat a fever with ice.

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12
Q

Give examples of effective herbal remedies

A

Willow bark as a painkiller; honey for sore throats

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13
Q

Who was Roger Bacon?

A

An English monk who was arrested for suggesting that Galen was wrong

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14
Q

When was Roger Bacon arrested?

A

13th Century

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15
Q

What were used as hospitals in the Medieval Period?

A

Monasteries

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16
Q

Where did people go for treatment in the Medieval Period?

A

Family members, monasteries, apothecaries, barber-surgeons, physicians (rich only)

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17
Q

How were human dissections performed in the Medieval Period?t

A

A barber-surgeon would perform the dissection on an executed criminal, while a physician read from Galen’s book in the corner. Any differences between the dissection and Galen’s teachings were put down to the person’s sinfulness.

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18
Q

What did people believe caused disease in the Renaissance?

A

Miasma, Four Humours, Punishment from God

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19
Q

How did people try to prevent disease in the Renaissance?

A

Sweet smells to reduce miasma, cleaning the streets in London

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20
Q

When was the Great Plague?

A

1665

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21
Q

How many of Galen’s mistakes did Vesalius correct?

A

200, for example he found that the lower jaw was made up of one bone, not two, and disproved Galen’s theory that blood was created in the liver

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22
Q

When did Vesalish publish On the Fabric of the Human Body?

A

1543

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23
Q

What did Vesalius do?

A

He performed dissections by stealing bodies from graveyards, publishing his findings in a book called the Fabric of the Human Body

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24
Q

Why did the Catholic Church endorse Galen’s ideas?

A

Because his ideas agreed with their beliefs

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25
When was the printing press invented?
Around 1440
26
Why was the printing press important?
It allowed ideas such as those of Martin Luther and Vesalius to spread quickly, taking control of books away from the Church and allowing the Reformation to take place
27
When did William Harvey publish his discovery?
1628
28
What did William Harvey discover?
That the heart acted like a pump, pumping blood around the body. He was inspired by the recent invention of the water pump
29
What were hospitals in the Renaissance?
Monasteries
30
When was the Royal Society set up?
1660
31
What was the Royal Society?
A society founded to help scientists in their discoveries. Its mantra was ‘Take nobody’s word for it’
32
When was the microscope invented?
Around 1590
33
What did the invention of the microscope allow?
It allowed scientists to see ‘animalcules’ which we now know as bacteria, allowing scientists to later better understand the causes of disease in
34
When was Thomas Sydenham?
1676
35
What did Thomas Sydenham do?
He focused on informed diagnosis of disease by looking at patients’ medical histories and symptoms
36
How did people treat disease in the Renaissance?
Bloodletting & purging - much the same as the Medieval Period
37
When was WW1?
1914-1918
38
When was the Battle of the Somme?
1916
39
When was the Battle of Arras?
1917
40
When was the 3rd Battle of Ypres?
1917
41
When was the Battle of Cambrai?
1917
42
How many British troops died on the first day of the Somme?
20,000
43
What was the major distinguishing feature of the Somme?
Huge casualties on both sides
44
What was the main distinguishing feature of Arras?
Underground tunnels were extensively used, especially the first underground hospitals
45
What was the main distinguishing feature of the 3rd Battle of Ypres?
It rained for 3 weeks beforehand, leading to incredibly muddy terrain that was difficult to move through
46
What were the 2 main distinguishing features of Cambrai?
It was the first major use of tanks, and a blood depot was set up to store blood for transfusions on the field
47
What was trench foot?
Gangrene in soldiers’ feet caused by standing for a long time in waterlogged trenches
48
What was trench fever?
Flu-like symptoms caused by lice in the trenches
49
What was shell shock?
PTSD - mental illness caused by extreme conditions and trauma
50
How common were head injuries on the Western Front?
Very common - mostly caused by shrapnel from explosive shells
51
How effective were poison gas attacks?
Not a major killer, but could cause temporary blindness, taking soldiers out of action
52
What were the 4 major battles on the Western Front? (in chronological order)
Somme, Arras, 3rd Battle of Ypres, Cambrai
53
What were the five main illnesses or injuries on the Western Front?
Trench foot, trench fever, shell shock, head injuries, injuries from gas
54
What were the five stages of the evacuation route on the Western Front? (in order)
Stretcher bearer - regimental aid post - field ambulance - casualty clearing station - base hospital
55
What were stretcher bearers?
People who collected wounded soldiers from the battlefield and brought them to a regimental aid post
56
What were regimental aid posts?
Posts close to the front line which offered first aid, and decided whether to send soldiers to a field ambulance or casualty clearing station
57
What were field ambulances?
Mobile medical units for less serious cases
58
What were casualty clearing stations?
Stations miles behind the front line, where operations for life threatening injuries were performed
59
What were base hospitals?
Larger military hospitals which offered surgery or specialised treatment.
60
When did Lewisohn make his discovery?
1915
61
What did Lewisohn discover?
That adding sodium citrate to blood allowed it to be stored
62
When did Rous & Turner make their discovery?
1916
63
What did Rous & Turner discover?
That adding citrate glucose to blood extended the time it could be stored for
64
What pattern were trenches dug in?
A zigzag pattern to prevent enemy soldiers from seeing/firing directly down the length of a trench
65
What were the 4 types of trenches in WW1?
Front line trench, communication trench, support trench, reserve trench
66
What were front line trenches?
The closest trenches to the enemy, from which soldiers would fire across No Man’s Land
67
What were support trenches?
Trenches dug behind the front line trenches, where soldiers would retreat during an attack
68
What were reserve trenches?
Trenches behind the support trenches, where soldiers would prepare a counterattack
69
What were communication trenches?
Trenches between other lines of trenches, which allowed soldiers to move between the lines
70
What were dugouts?
Shelters dug into the sides of trenches, where soldiers would go for protection and rest
71
What was No Man’s Land?
The stretch of land between Allied and German trenches
72
What was the theory of spontaneous generation?
That germs randomly appeared and caused disease
73
What did people believe caused disease in the Industrial Period?
Miasma and germs (spontaneous generation pre-1861, then germ theory)
74
How did people treat disease in the Industrial Period?
Herbal remedies, cure-alls (aspirin by the end of the period)
75
What were cure-alls/patent medicines?
Herbal remedies that were said to cure a large range of diseases
76
Who discovered the first vaccination?
Edward Jenner
77
When was the first vaccine discovered?
1796
78
What was the first vaccine for?
Smallpox
79
How did Jenner discover the smallpox vaccine?
He observed that milkmaids who got cowpox didn’t get smallpox
80
Why couldn’t Jenner make more vaccines?
He couldn’t explain how the smallpox vaccine worked
81
How did people try to prevent smallpox before vaccination?
Inoculation
82
What was inoculation?
Injecting someone with pus from someone else’s smallpox wound to prevent smallpox
83
When did John Snow make his discovery?
1854
84
What did John Snow discover and how?
He noticed that a cholera outbreak in London was centred around the Broad St Pump - he discovered that cholera spread through contaminated water
85
Why could John Snow not fully explain his theory?
Because he didn’t know about bacteria
86
When was Germ Theory and who discovered it?
1861 - discovered by Pasteur
87
What was Germ Theory?
The discovery that germs are everywhere and multiply when exposed to nutrients
88
How did Pasteur discover Germ Theory?
He invented a swan neck flask which let air but not germs/dust in, and observed that broth only developed mould when exposed to air
89
When did Pasteur explain vaccines?
1880
90
What disease did Pasteur develop a vaccine for?
Rabies
91
When did Robert Koch discover the bacteria that cause anthrax?
1876
92
What did Koch discover?
The bacteria that causes anthrax and that heat sterilisation kills bacteria
93
What did Florence Nightingale do?
She worked to improve hospitals and the training of nurses and set up a training school for nurses.
94
When did Florence Nightingale set up a training school for nurses?
1860
95
What did Florence Nightingale believe caused disease?
Miasma
96
What did Simpson discover and when?
That chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic in 1847
97
When was the Black Period of Surgery?
1850-1870
98
What was the Black Period of Surgery and why did it happen?
A period when more people died under surgery; it was caused by surgeons performing more complicated and dangerous surgery after the discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic.
99
What did Lister discover and when?
That carbolic acid could be used on wounds to prevent infection in 1867, and he also developed an antiseptic spray
100
When were the Public Health Acts?
1848-1875
101
Why was the 1848 Public Health Act passed?
The Chadwick Report showed that health was much worse in industrial cities, and recommended qualified medical officers appointed in each area, clean water and sewage systems.
102
What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?
It set up the Board of Health and gave local authorities the power to provide appoint medical officers.
103
What did the 1875 Public Health Act do?
It made it compulsory for local authorites to provide clean water, proper sewage systems and appoint medical officers.
104
What was the difference between the 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts?
The 1848 Act was optional, whereas the 1875 one was compulsory
105
What is a laissez-faire government?
A ‘hands-off’ government - a government that didn’t interfere with public health or social needs
106
What were the three problems with surgery at the beginning of the Industrial Period?
Pain, infection and blood loss
107
What was the only problem in surgery that was unsolved by the end of the Industrial Period?
Blood loss
108
What do people believe cause disease in the Modern Period?
Bacteria, viruses and DNA
109
What did Karl Landsteiner discover?
Blood groups, allowing blood transfusions to take place
110
When were blood groups discovered?
1901
111
What did Paul Ehrlich discover?
Magic bullets
112
What are magic bullets?
113
When was the Great Stink?
1858

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