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History -- Henry Flashcards

1
Q

When did Henry VIII become King?

A

1509

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2
Q

When was Thomas Wolsey Chief Minister?

A

1515-29

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3
Q

What career did Thomas Wolsey pursue to end up as Henry’s Chief Minister?

A

He obtained a religious degree at Oxford and joined the Church, becoming Royal Almoner in 1509

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4
Q

When was the Treaty of London?

A

1518

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5
Q

When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A

1520

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6
Q

When was the Amicable Grant?

A

1525

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7
Q

What was the Treaty of London?

A

A treaty signed between the most powerful European leaders to defend the Pope from the Ottomans.

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8
Q

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A

An expensive meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I where both Kings displayed their wealth and power.

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9
Q

What was the Amicable Grant?

A

A tax which Wolsey tried to raise for a war with France; people refused to pay it, with the Amicable Grant Rising.

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10
Q

Why did the Pope refuse to give Henry an annulment?

A
  • The previous Pope had given Henry a dispensation to marry Catherine
  • Charles V, Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, had control of the Pope
  • Catherine of Aragon had won sympathy by showing she was a loyal wife and good Catholic
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11
Q

What were the main features of a Renaissance Prince?

A

Winning land through wars, being wealthy, and being strong and good-looking.

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12
Q

When were the Eltham Ordinances?

A

1526

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13
Q

What were the Eltham Ordinances?

A

Laws passed which removed some powerful nobles from the Privy Court, giving more power to ex-commoners such as Wolsey, as well as trying to reduce the money spent on the King’s household.

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14
Q

When did Wolsey die?

A

1530

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15
Q

When was Cromwell Chief Minister?

A

1533-1540

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16
Q

Why did Cromwell rise to power?

A
  • He had proven himself intelligent and loyal as Wolsey’s lawyer
  • He impressed Henry with his persuasive opinions
  • He came up with a solution to Henry’s ‘Great Matter’
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17
Q

When was Cromwell appointed to the Royal Council?

A

1531

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18
Q

How did Protestantism differ from Catholicism?

A

The Bible should be in vernacular, churches should be plainly decorated, and Saints and monasteries were unnecessary

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19
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy?

A

1534

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20
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy do?

A

Made Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England, forcing people to swear an oath that this was the case

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21
Q

When was the Royal Injunctions to the Clergy?

A

1538

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22
Q

What did the Royal Injunctions to the Clergy do?

A

Put an English Bible in every church and removed statues, icons etc.

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23
Q

When was the Act for the Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries?

A

1536

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24
Q

What did the Act for Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries do?

A

Closed all monasteries with an income under £200 per annum as they were considered sinful places

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25
When was the Act for Dissolution of Greater Monasteries?
1539
26
What did the Act for Dissolution of Greater Monasteries do?
Closed all monasteries in England
27
When was the Act of Six Articles?
1539
28
What did the Act of Six Articles do?
Reversed some of the previous Protestant changes made
29
When was Anne Boleyn executed?
1536
30
Who was Thomas More?
A close friend of Henry’s - he refused to take the Oath of Succession and was executed in 1535
31
Who was Bishop John Fisher?
A well respected priest who spoke out against the annulment and refused to swear the Oath of Succession - executed in 1535
32
When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
1536
33
What happened in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
40,000 people in the North took over several cities in response to the Act for Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries, and were crushed by the Duke of Norfolk. The Pilgrimage was in part responsible for the Act of Six Articles in 1539
34
Why was the Royal Council originally disorganised?
- It had too many members - Many members failed to attend regularly - Discussions were not recorded - Discussions were often dominated by one person
35
What did Cromwell replace the Royal Council with?
The Privy Council - around 20 members, who were more likely to be lawyers then nobles - Discussions were recorded
36
How many departments/courts did Cromwell split the King's Chamber into?
6, 4 which processed traditional sources of income, as well as the Court of Augmentations and the Court of First Fruits and Tenths
37
What did the Court of Augmentations do?
It dealt with income from the Dissolution of the Monasteries
38
What did the Court of First Fruits and Tenths do?
It dealt with taxes the clergy once paid to the Pope
39
When was the Act of Union?
1536
40
What did the Act of Union do?
It made Wales officially part of England - English was declared the official language in Wales - Welsh law was replaced by English law - Wales was divided into counties with MPs - Justices of the Peace were appointed to keep law and order
41
Why did Cromwell make Parliament a partner in government?
So that he could claim mistakes were made by Parliament, not the King
42
Who originally sat in Parliament?
The wealthiest and most powerful people in England: - Nobles and bishops in the House of Lords - Gentry and merchants in the House of Commons
43
What was Parliament's main original role?
Raising taxes when asked to do so by the King
44
How did Cromwell control the decisions made in Parliament?
He controlled who was elected to the House of Commons and what was debated, through flattery, bribery and threats.
45
When did Henry become Defender of the Faith?
1521
46
Who was Elizabeth Barton?
A nun who openly criticised Henry’s actions and claimed to have visions of him dying ‘a villain’s death’ - executed in 1534
47
When was the Act of Ten Articles?
1536
48
What did the Act of Ten Articles do?
It said that only 3 of the 7 Catholic Sacraments were really important - baptism, the Eucharist and penance
49
When was the Submission of the Clergy?
1532
50
What did the Submission of the Clergy do?
Cromwell pressured the archbishops and bishops to publicly swear that Henry was their lawmaker, not the Pope
51
When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome?
1533
52
What did the Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome do?
It prevented anyone from appealing to the Pope against the King’s decisions.
53
When was the Act of Succession?
1534
54
What did the Act of Succession do?
It forced everyone to swear the Oath of Succession, that: - Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon was invalid - Princess Elizabeth was the heir to the throne - It was treason to criticise Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn
55
When was the Treason Act?
1534
56
What did the Treason Act do?
It made it treason, and punishable by death to say that the King was a heretic, or even think about the King dying.
57
What was enclosure?
Landowning lords fenced off common land, which annoyed tenant farmers.
58
What did Wolsey do regarding enclosure?
He spoke out against it and brought 260 court cases against landowners
59
How successful were Wolsey’s enclosure policies?
Not very successful - enclosure continued, and Wolsey made many powerful enemies in court
60
How did Wolsey reform the justice system?
He improved the Court of the Star Chamber
61
What was the Court of the Star Chamber?
A court devoted to hearing the problems of commoners, usually against their lords.
62
How successful were Wolsey’s justice reforms?
Only slightly successful - most cases weren’t heard due to a huge backlog, and landowners hated Wolsey for the reforms.
63
How successful were the Eltham Ordinances?
Largely unsuccessful - most of the changes never actually happened except the reduction in size of the Privy Council.
64
How did Wolsey try to meet Henry’s financial demands?
He introduced new ways of gaining money - forced loans, subsidy tax and recovering land from nobility
65
How successful were Wolsey’s financial policies?
Successful, but only in the short term - increasing taxes didn’t work well in the long term.
66
How successful was the Amicable Grant?
An enormous failure - many refused to pay, and full scale rebellion broke out in Suffolk. Henry blamed Wolsey for it, who was humiliated.
67
When was the Battle of the Spurs?
1513
68
What was the Battle of the Spurs?
Henry’s only military victory, against France.
69
Who did Henry ally with in 1521, against whom?
Charles V, against Francis
70
When was the Battle of Pavia?
1525
71
What happened at the Battle of Pavia?
- Charles V captured Francis - Henry hoped to invade France, but abandoned the plan due to the failure of the Amicable Grant and Charles V’s refusal to help
72
Who did Wolsey ally with in 1525?
Francis
73
What happened with European alliances in 1527?
Francis allies with Charles V without telling Wolsey
74
How successful was the Battle of the Spurs?
A little - it was a very minor and very expensive battle
75
How successful was the Treaty of London?
A great success - It placed Henry and Wolsey at the centre of events, helping to promote peace in Europe
76
How successful was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
Pretty successful - hugely impressive, but nothing was agreed or decided
77
How successful were Wolsey’s foreign policies from 1521-29?
Failures - England was constantly ignored by France and Spain, and wasted a lot of money on wars where Henry gained nothing.
78
When did Cromwell fall from power?
July 1540
79
Why did Cromwell fall from power?
- He was accused of not supporting the Act of Six Articles - He arranged Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves but Henry didn’t like her - His enemies, such as the Duke of Norfolk, convinced Henry to execute him
80
When did Henry marry Jane Seymour?
1536
81
Why was Anne Boleyn executed?
- She had failed to produce a male heir - Henry had fallen in love with Jane Seymour - [PUT SOMETHING HERE]

Felix's Stuff (6 decks)

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