History Maia's National Outlne Cards Flashcards
1
Q
Parents of Romulus?
A
Rhea Silvia and Mars
2
Q
Grandfather of Romulus?
A
Numitor
3
Q
Who stole the throne of Alba Longa from the father of Rhea Silvia?
A
Amulius
4
Q
What river were Romulus and Remus thrown into?
A
the Tiber River
5
Q
Who raised Romulus?
A
Faustulus
6
Q
Who was the wife of Faustulus?
A
Acca Laurentia
7
Q
Which hills did Romulus and Remus settle on?
A
Romulus- PalatineRemus- Aventine
8
Q
How many vultures did Romulus and Remus each see?
A
Romulus- 12Remus- 6
9
Q
Why did Romulus kill Remus?
A
Remus overslept the boundaries of Romulus’ hill
10
Q
What is the exact date of Rome’s founding?
A
April 21, 753 BC
11
Q
How did Romulus populate Rome with males?
A
he opened the city to criminals and other outcasts and made it though they are safe from arrest within Rome
12
Q
What did Romulus make 100 of the most noble and wealthy fathers?
A
patricians and senators
13
Q
How did Romulus populate Rome with women?
A
The Rape of the Sabine Women
14
Q
Whose daughter let the Sabines into Rome?
A
The Capitoline citadel commander, Spurrius Tarpeius
15
Q
Who let the Sabines into Rome?
A
Tarpeia
16
Q
What did Tarpeia want in exchange for letting the Sabines into the city?
A
she asked for “what they wear on their left arms”
17
Q
What did Tarpeia intend to happen, and what actually happened?
A
she intended to receive their gold bracelets, but was instead crushed by their shields
18
Q
Who eventually stopped the fighting between the Romans and Sabines?
A
Hersilia
19
Q
Wife of Romulus?
A
Hersilia
20
Q
Who did Romulus co-rule with?
A
Titus Tatius
21
Q
What supposedly happened to Romulus?
A
he disappeared in a storm or whirlwind during or shortly after offering a public sacrifice near or at the Quirinal Hill
22
Q
What probably happened to Romulus?
A
the senators probably killed him
23
Q
What was Numa Pompilius’ origin?
A
Sabine
24
Q
Who was Titus Tatius’ son-in-law?
A
Numa Pompilius
25
What was one major difference between Romulus and Numa Pompilius?
Numa was not warlike
26
Who was Numa Pompilius' lover?
the nymph Egeria
27
What religious organization did Numa Pompilius bring to Rome from Alba Longa?
Vestal Virgins
28
Where were the Vestal Virgins from?
Alba Longa
29
What months did Numa Pompilius add to the calendar?
January and February
30
What priest did Numa Pompilius instate?
Pontifex Maximus, the high priest
31
What temple did Numa Pompilius found?
Temple of Janus
32
What different ways did the Temple of Janus represent Rome's situation
Doors closed- peace, Doors open- wartime
33
How did Numa Pompilius die?
simply of old age
34
What was Tullus Hostilius' origin?
Latin
35
What three brothers did Rome pick to fight Alba Longa?
Horatii
36
What three brothers did Alba Longa pick to fight Rome?
Curiatii
37
Which triplets won?
The Horatii
38
Who was the Alban king during Romulus' reign?
Mettius Fufettius
39
What town did Mettius Fufettius incite against Rome?
Fidenae
40
What happened to Mettius Fufettius and why?
drawn and quartered for his treachery against Rome
41
Where did the Alban population settle after Alba Longa was destroyed?
the Caelian Hill
42
All of Alba Longa was destroyed except for what?
the temples
43
What government building did Tullus Hostilius build the first of?
the Curia Hostilia (the first senate house)
44
How did the gods voice their displeasure at Tullus Hostilius' ignoring of religion?
through a shower of stones on the Alban Mountain and voices insulting the Albans for abandoning their ways
45
During which king's reign does a plague fall on Rome?
Tullus Hostilius
46
How does Tullus Hostilius die?
his house is struck by lightning (he does in the fire)
47
Ancus Marcius is the grandson of who?
Numa Pompilius
48
What was Ancus Marcius' origin?
Sabine
49
What priesthood did Ancus Marcius establish?
Fetiales
50
What was the purpose of the Fetiales?
to mediate disputes and declare war
51
Which hills were settled during Ancus Marcius' reign?
Aventine and Janiculum
52
What salt water port did Ancus Marcius establish?
Ostia
53
Who built the Pons Sublicius?
Ancus Marcius
54
What was the Pons Sublicius?
the first (wooden) bridge over the Tiber
55
What happened to Tarquinius Priscus that meant he would become king?
an eagle took his cap and returned it shortly after
56
Where was Tarquinius Priscus originally from?
Corinth
57
What was Tarquinius Priscus originally named?
Lucumo
58
Who was the father of Tarquinius Priscus?
Demaratus
59
Who did Tarquinius Priscus marry?
an Etruscan woman named Tanaquil
60
Whose sons were Tarquinius Priscus made the guardian of?
Ancus Marcius
61
What did Tarquinius Priscus double the size of?
the equites (cavalry)
62
By how much did Tarquinius Priscus increase the senate by?
100
63
What structure on the Capitoline Hill did Tarquinius Priscus begin construction on?
the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
64
What did Tarquinius Priscus begin construction on after draining the forum?
the Circus Maximus
65
Who killed Tarquinius Priscus?
assassins hired by the sons of Ancus Marcius
66
What did Tanaquil interpret about Servius Tullius that meant he should be king?
he was covered in flame but felt no harm (red head)
67
Where was Servius Tullius supposedly from?
slave
68
Who was Servius Tullius' mom?
Ocrisia from the Etruscan town of Corniculum
69
Who did Servius Tullius marry?
Tarquinia
70
What temples did Servius Tullius establish?
the Temple of Diana (main one) and the Temple of Fortuna
71
What did Servius Tullius create, dividing the Roman people?
the census
72
What was Rome divided into by the census?
5 classes
73
Who introduced coinage to Rome?
Servius Tullius
74
Who built the first defensive wall around Rome?
Servius Tullius
75
What was the first defensive wall of Rome called?
the Servian Wall
76
Who was Servius Tullius assassinated by?
his daughter Tullia the younger and her husband, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
77
What temple did Tarquinius Superbus either build or complete?
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
78
Who most likely built the Cloaca Maxima?
Tarquinius Superbus (maybe Tarquinius Priscus)
79
Which king finished building the Circus Maximus?
Tarquinius Superbus
80
What son of Tarquinius Superbus caused the downfall of the monarchy in Rome?
Sextus Tarquinius
81
Who did Sextus rape?
Lucretia
82
Who was Lucretia's husband?
Lucius Junius Brutus
83
Where did Tarquinius Superbus flee to?
the Etruscan cities
84
Who did the Etruscans unite under?
Lars Porsenna
85
What city was Lars Porsenna king of?
Clusium
86
Who defended the Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans?
Horatius Cocles
87
Who thrust his hand into the coals to impress Lars Porsenna?
Mucius Scaevola
88
Who lead the hostages to freedom (but later returned)?
Cloelia
89
Give the years of the monarchy
753-510 BC
90
Give the years of the republic
509-27 BC
91
Who replaced the kings after the monarchy fell?
Consuls
92
Who were the first two consuls?
Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
93
Why did Collatinus step down?
because his family name was "Tarquinius"
94
Who did Brutus die while fighting with?
Arruns, son of Tarquinius Superbus
95
The sons of Tarquinius Superbus, Titus and Tiberius, were part of what group?
a rebellion within Rome that tried to reinstall Tarquinius Superbus as king
96
Who were the sons of Tarquinius Superbus who rebelled?
Titus and Tiberius
97
What happened to the sons of Tarquinius Superbus that rebelled?
executed
98
Who became consul in place of Brutus?
Publius Valerius Publicola (or Poplicola)
99
What hill did Publicola try to build his house on?
Velian Hill
100
Why couldn't Publicola build his house on the top of the hill?
the people became upset, thinking he was trying to become king
101
Where did Publicola end up building his house?
the foot of the Velian Hill
102
How many times was Publicola consul?
4
103
What does the agnomen Publicola mean?
"friend of the people"
104
What occurred in 494 BC?
the First Secession of the Plebs
105
How many secessions of the Plebs occur throughout Roman history?
5
106
Where did the Plebs succeed to and threaten to build a new town?
the Mons Sacer (Aventine Hill)
107
Who convinced the plebs to return form succession?
Menenius Agrippa
108
What created the office of tribune for the plebs?
the Lex Sacrata
109
What battle occurred in 496 BC?
Lake Regillus
110
Who was involved in the Battle of Lake Regillus?
Romans vs. Latin League + Tarquinius Superbus
111
According to legend, who led the Romans in the Battle of Lake Regillus?
the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux
112
Who was the Roman commander at Lake Regillus?
Aulus Postumius Albinus
113
Who was the first dictator?
Aulus Postumius Albinus
114
What battle occurred in 458 BC?
Battle of Mt. Algidus
115
Who was involved in the Battle of Mt. Algidus?
Romans vs. Aequi
116
Who led the relief effort to rescue a trapped army at Mt. Algidus?
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
117
Whose army was trapped during the Battle of Mt. Algidus?
Minucius'
118
What happened during 493 BC?
Coriolanus took the Volscian town of Corioli
119
How did Gaius Mucius Coriolanus earn his cognomen?
by taking the Volscian town of Corioli (493 BC)
120
Who convinced Coriolanus not to attack Rome with the Volscians he had earlier defeated?
his wife Volumnia and his mother Veturia
121
What were established in 451-450 BC?
Laws of the Twelve Tables
122
Who completed the twelve tables?
the Decemviri
123
What event was the completion of the twelve tables associated with?
the second secession of the plebs
124
Who was the chief of the Decemviri?
Appius Claudius Crassus
125
What caused Appius Claudius' death?
his lust for Verginia
126
What was made in 445 BC?
Lex Canuleia
127
What did the Lex Canuleia do?
allowed for the intermarriage between the plebeians and the patricians
128
Who proposed the Lex Canuleia?
Gaius Canuleius
129
Who was responsible for capturing the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 BC after a ten year siege?
Marcus Furius Camillus
130
What two things were Camillus proclaimed to be after his events with Brennus?
"Pater Patriae" and "Second Founder of Rome"
131
What occurred in 390 BC?
Battle of Allia River
132
Who led the Gauls against Rome at Allia River?
the Senonian chieftain Brennus
133
Where was the only place in Rome Brennus did not capture?
The Capitoline Hill
134
Who was woken by the sacred geese of Juno and rallied the Romans on the Capitoline?
Marcus Manlius Capitolinus
135
What did Brennus famously say after conquering Rome and what does it mean?
"Vae Victis"- Woe to the Conquered
136
What was formed in 367 BC?
Lex Licinia-Sextia
137
Who passed the Lex Licinia-Sextia?
tribunes Licinius and Lucius Sextius
138
What does the Lex Licinia-Sextia do?
it makes it so one of the two consuls can be a plebeian
139
Who was the first plebeian consul in 366 BC?
Lucius Sextius
140
Who was the first plebeian dictator?
Gaius Marcius Rutilus
141
In what year did Rome have its first plebeian dictator?
356 BC
142
Who was Rome's first plebeian censor?
Gaius Marcius Rutilus
143
In what year did Rome have its first plebeian censor?
351 BC
144
Who was the first plebeian praetor?
Publilius Philo
145
In what year did Rome have its first plebeian praetor?
337 BC
146
What were the years of the Great Latin War?
340-338 BC
147
Who won the Battle of Vesuvius?
Romans
148
Who lost the Battle of Vesuvius?
the Latins
149
What year was the Battle of Vesuvius?
340 BC
150
Who were the Roman leaders at the Battle of Vesuvius?
Publius Decius Mus and Titus Manlius Torquatus
151
What did Decius Mus famously do to help the Roman army at the Battle of Vesuvius?
devotio (sacrificed himself)
152
What town did Rome capture in 340 BC?
Antium
153
What did the Romans take from Antium?
rostra (prows of enemy ships)
154
What did the Romans do with the rostra from Antium?
attached them to the speakers platform in the Forum
155
What war took place during 343-341 BC?
First Samnite War
156
What land regions were the First Samnite War centered around?
the city of Capua and the land of Campania
157
What were the years of the First Samnite War?
343-341 BC
158
What war took place from 326-304 BC?
Second Samnite War
159
What battle occurred in 321 BC?
Claudine Forks
160
Who was the Samnite chieftain at Caudine Forks?
Gavius Pontius
161
Who were the Roman leaders at Caudine Forks?
Titus Veturius and Spurius Postumius Albinus
162
What happens to the Romans at Caudine Forks?
They are trapped under a mountain pass and forced to pass under a yoke
163
What year did Caudine Forks take place?
321 BC?
164
What battle took place in 315 BC?
Lautulae
165
What are the years of the Third Samnite War?
298-290 BC
166
What battle occurs in 295 BC?
Battle of Sentinum
167
Who were the Roman leaders at Sentinum?
Publius Decius Mus and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus
168
Who was the Samnite leader at Sentinum?
Gellius Egnatius
169
Who sacrifices himself in an act of devotio?
Publius Decius Mus
170
Where was King Pyrrhus from?
Epirus
171
What city brought in King Pyrrhus to help them fight the Romans in the Pyrrhic War?
Tarentum
172
What battle took place in 280 BC?
Battle of Heraclea
173
What battle took place in 279 BC?
Battle of Asculum
174
What did the battles between Pyrrhus and Rome become known as?
Pyrrhic victories
175
What are "pyrrhic victories"?
Victories that cost so much to win it is no longer worth it
176
What battle takes place in 275 BC?
Battle of Beneventum
177
Who was the Roman leader at the Battle of Beneventum?
Curius Dentatus
178
In what year did Tarentum surrender for good?
272 BC
179
How did Pyrrhus die?
in a street fight when a woman throws a roof tile on his head
180
Where did Pyrrhus die?
Argos in Greece
181
In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?
275 BC
182
What law was made in 287 BC?
Lex Hortensia
183
Where did the fifth and final secession of the plebs take place?
Janiculum Hill
184
Who passed the Lex Hortensia?
the dictator Quintus Hortensius
185
What did the Lex Hortensia do?
made all resolutions passed by the plebeians binding on all citizens
186
When was the Lex Hortensia passed?
287 BC
187
What were the years of the First Punic War?
264-241 BC
188
Who was being attacked to start the First Punic War?
the Mamertines from Messana
189
Who was attacking the Mamertines to start the First Punic War?
Hiero (II) of Syracuse
190
Who did the Mamertines ask for help to fight the Syracusans?
Carthage
191
Who did the Mamertines ask for help to fight the Carthaginians?
Rome
192
What battle took place in 260 BC?
Battle of Mylae
193
Who lead the Romans at Mylae?
Gaius Duilius
194
Where was Rome's first naval victory?
Battle of Mylae
195
What was made in Duilius' honor?
A column in the Forum
196
In what year did the Battle of Mylae take place?
260 BC
197
What battle took place in 256 BC?
The Battle of Cape Ecnomus
198
Who was the Roman commander at the Battle of Cape Ecnomus?
Atilius Regulus
199
Who lost the Battle of Cape Ecnomus?
the Carthaginians
200
What battle took place in 255 BC?
Battle of Bagradas Valley
201
Who were the Romans defeated by at Bagradas Valley?
Xanthippus, the Spartan mercenary
202
Why did Regulus return to Rome by the Carthaginians?
to convince Rome to surrender
203
What did Regulus tell the Romans to do when he came back to Rome from Carthage?
fight on
204
Where does Regulus die?
he is brutally killed when returns to Carthage from Rome
205
What battle took place in 249 BC?
Battle of Drepana
206
Who is the consul who supposedly doomed the Romans at the Battle of Drepana?
Publius Claudius Pulcher
207
What did Claudius Pulcher do that was a bad omen?
throw the sacred chickens into the ocean (because they wouldn't eat)
208
Who is the victorious Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Drepana?
Hamilcar
209
What battle takes place in 241 BC?
Battle of Aegates Island
210
Who led the Romans at the Battle of Aegates island?
Lutatius Catulus
211
Who led the Carthaginians at the Battle of Aegates Islands?
Hanno the Great
212
What battle ended the First Punic War?
Battle of Aegates Islands
213
What was Rome's first province?
Sicily
214
What province did Rome gain control of at the end of the First Punic War?
Sicily
215
What provinces does Rome take after the First Punic War while Carthage has an internal fight?
Sardinia and Corsica
216
Where does Carthage get the silver to pay Rome did the huge war debt they owed?
the Iberian Peninsula
217
What are the years of the Second Punic War?
218-202 BC
218
Who did Rome sign a treaty with in 226 BC?
Carthage
219
What treaty was signed in 226 BC?
Ebro Treaty
220
What did the Ebro treaty do?
says Carthage won't go north of the Ebro River in Spain
221
What what year was the Ebro Treaty made?
226 BC
222
In what year did Hannibal gain control of Spain?
221 BC
223
What town did Carthage lay siege to in 219 BC, starting the Second Punic War?
Saguntum
224
What battles took place in 218 BC?
Battle of Ticinus River and Battle of Trebia River
225
Who is the Roman leader at Ticinus River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder)
226
Who is the Carthaginian leader at Ticinus River?
Hannibal
227
Who was the winner at Ticinus River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
228
Who saves Publius Cornelius Scipio's life at the Battle of Ticinus River?
his son, the future Africanus
229
When was the Battle of Ticinus River?
218 BC
230
Who were the Roman commanders at Trebia River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus
231
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Trebia River?
Hannibal
232
Who was the winner at Trebia River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
233
When was the Battle of Trebia River?
218 BC
234
What battle took place in 217 BC?
The Battle of Lake Trasimene
235
Who is the Roman commander at Lake Trasimene?
Gaius Flaminius
236
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal
237
Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal (Carthage)
238
Where does Gaius Flaminius die?
He dies in the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
239
When was the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
217 BC
240
Who was appointed dictator after the disaster at Trasimene?
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator
241
How did Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator earn the agnomen "cunctator"?
for the delaying tactics he used against Hannibal
242
What is Quintus Fabius Maximus known as?
the "shield of Rome"
243
What battle took place in 216 BC?
Battle of Cannae
244
Who were the Roman commanders at Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tarentius Varro
245
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Cannae?
Hannibal
246
Who won the Battle of Cannae?
Hannibal (Carthage)
247
What Roman commander died at the Battle of Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
248
What did Tarentius Varro receive when he returned to Rome?
a warm reception despite the disaster
249
What city was recaptured in 211 BC?
Syracuse
250
Who recaptured Syracuse in 211 BC?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
251
What famous scientist was accidentally killed when the Romans rushed Syracuse?
Archimedes
252
Who received the spolia opima in the Second Punic War?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
253
What was Claudius Marcellus known as?
the "sword of Rome"
254
What battle took place in 207 BC?
Metaurus River
255
Who were the Roman commanders at Metaurus River?
Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator
256
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Metaurus River?
Hasdrubal Barca
257
Who won at Metaurus River?
Rome
258
What happened to Hasdrubal Barca?
he was decapitated and his head was thrown into the Carthaginian camp
259
When was Metaurus River?
207 BC
260
What battle took place in 206 BC?
Ilipa
261
Who is the Roman commander at Ilipa?
Scipio (the future) Africanus
262
What did Scipio Africanus do at Ilipa?
cut off Iberia from the Carthaginians
263
What was the result of Ilipa?
Spain was given to Scipio
264
What battle took place in 203 BC?
Battle of Campi Magni (Great Plains)
265
Who were the Roman commanders at Campi Magni?
Scipio (the future) Africanus and Gaius Laelius
266
Who was the Numidian cavalry commander on the Roman side at Campi Magni?
Massinissa
267
Who was the Numidian commander on the side of the Carthaginians at Ilipa?
Syphax
268
Who was the Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Hasdrubal (son of) Gisgo
269
Who won at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Rome
270
What battle took place in 202 BC?
Battle of Zama
271
Who were the Roman commanders at Zama?
Scipio Africanus and Masinissa
272
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Zama?
Hannibal
273
Who lost at Zama?
Carthage
274
What battle ended the Second Punic War?
Battle of Zama
275
What were the years of the Third Punic War?
149-146 BC
276
What city did Rome lay siege to, beginning in 149 BC?
Carthage
277
When was Carthage stormed?
146 BC
278
Who stormed Carthage, destroying it?
Scipio Aemilianus
279
What was Cato the Elder famous for saying?
"Carthago delenda est." (Carthage must be destroyed)
280
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Africa
281
Who are the three winners of the spolia opima?
Romulus, Cossus, and Marcellus
282
Who did Rome fight with from 146-140 BC?
Lusitanian chieftain, Viriathus
283
What is Viriathus called?
the "first national hero of Portugal"
284
What siege took place in 133 BC?
the siege of Numantia
285
Who captured the Celtiberian city of Numantia?
Scipio Aemilianus
286
What war took place from 229-228 BC?
First Illyrian War
287
Who was the leader of the Illyrian pirates during the first Illyrian War?
Queen Teuta
288
What war took place from 220-219 BC?
Second Illyrian War
289
Who lead Illyria in the Second Illyrian War?
Demretrius of Pharos
290
What war took place from 200-196 BC?
Second Macedonian War
291
What battle took place in 197 BC?
Battle of Cynoscephalae
292
Who was the Roman commander at Cynoscephalae?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
293
Who was the Macedonian leader at Cynoscephalae?
Phillip V
294
Who declared peace and freedom for Greece in 196 BC?
Flamininus
295
Where did Flamininus declare peace and freedom for Greece?
the Isthmian games of 196 BC
296
What did the Battle of Cynoscephalae show?
the superiority of the Legion over the Phallanx
297
What war took place from 192-188 BC?
Seleucid War
298
Who did Rome make war with in 192 BC?
Antiochus III of the Selecuid Empire
299
Who did Antiochus III ally with during the Seleucid War?
the Aetolian League and Hannibal
300
What battle took place in 191 BC?
Battle of Thermopylae
301
Who was the Roman commander at Thermopylae?
(Manius Acilius) Glabrio
302
Who did Glabrio defeat at Thermopylae?
Antiochus III
303
What battle took place in 190/189 BC?
Battle of Magnesia
304
Who were the Roman commanders at Magnesia?
Scipio Africanus and brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiastucus
305
Who did the Romans defeat at the Battle of Magnesia?
Antiochus III
306
What treaty ends the Seleucid War?
Treaty of Apamea
307
What war took place from 171-168 BC?
Third Macedonian War
308
What battle took place in 168 BC?
Battle of Pydna
309
Who was the Roman leader at Pydna?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
310
Who was defeated at the Battle of Pydna?
King Perseus of Macedon
311
What was took place from 150-148 BC?
Fourth Macedonian War
312
Who was the Roman leader during the Fourth Macedonian War?
(Quintus Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus
313
Who was defeated in the Fourth Macedonian War?
Andriscus
314
Who was Andriscus?
a pretender to the throne of Macedon
315
When does Macedonia become a province?
148 BC
316
What battle takes place in 146 BC?
Battle of Corinth
317
Who is the Roman leader at the Battle of Corinth?
Lucius Mummius
318
Who was defeated at the Battle of Corinth?
Achaean League?
319
What city was destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC?
Corinth
320
What battle marks the end of the Roman-Greek conflict?
Battle of Corinth
321
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Achaea
322
Who was the daughter of Scipio Africanus?
Cornelia
323
Who were the sons of Cornelia?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
324
What did Cornelia call her sons?
"Gemae" (her jewels)
325
Who was elected tribune in 133 BC?
Tiberius Gracchus
326
What law did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to push?
land law
327
What did Tiberius Gracchus' land law do?
reinstate that no citizen should be able to hold over 500 iugera of land
328
What tribune vetoed Tiberius Gracchus' land law?
Marcus Octavius
329
Who lead the senate in a revolt to kill Tiberius Gracchus?
Scipio Nasica
330
In what year was there a revolt against Tiberius Gracchus?
133 BC
331
What was Scipio Nasica's relation to Tiberius Gracchus?
they were cousins
332
How did Tiberius Gracchus convince the senate to revolt against Tiberius?
said Tiberius was trying to become king
333
Who was elected tribune in 123 and 122?
Gaius Gracchus
334
Which political enemy of Gaius was elected consul in 121 BC?
Lucius Opimius
335
What did the senate pass that gave Opimius the power to stop Gaius at all costs?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
336
Where did Gaius Gracchus flee to?
the grove of Furina on Janiculum
337
How did Gaius Gracchus did?
suicide
338
What became the Roman province of Asia?
Pergamum
339
When was Pergamum given to Rome?
133 BC
340
Who bequeathed Pergamum to Rome?
Attalus III
341
Who held the consulship seven times?
Gaius Marius
342
Where was Marius from?
Arpinum
343
What was Marius known as?
a novus homo (he's not the only one but one of the most famous)
344
What consul reformed the Roman army in 1st century BC?
Marius
345
How many consecutive consulship a did Marius hold?
5
346
When was Marius' first consulship?
107 BC
347
When was Marius' last consulship?
86 BC
348
Who died in 118 BC, causing a division in his kingdom?
Micipsa, King of Numidia
349
Who was the kingdom of Numidia divided between when its king died?
between Micipsa's sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his step-son (and nephew) Jugurtha
350
Who finally defeated Jugurtha?
Marius and his quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix"
351
When did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
105 BC
352
How did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
Sulla convinced the Mauritanian ruler Bocchus I to betray Jugurtha to the Romans
353
Where was Jugurtha killed?
Tullianum
354
When was Jugurtha killed?
104 BC
355
What battle took place in 105 BC?
Battle of Arausio
356
Who were the Roman commanders at Arausio?
Servilius Caepio and Mallius Maximus
357
Who defeated the Romans at Arausio?
the Cimbri and Teutones
358
What battle took place in 102 BC?
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
359
Who was the Roman commander at Aquae Sextiae?
Gaius Marius
360
Who was defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae?
Teutones
361
What battle took place in 101 BC?
Battle of Vercellae
362
Who were the Roman commanders at Vercellae?
Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catullus
363
Who was defeated at Vercellae?
the Cimbri
364
What war was ended by the Battle of Vercellae?
War with Cimbri and Teutons
365
What enemy of Marius was a tribune killed in 100 BC?
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
366
How many times did Saturninus serve as tribune?
3 times
367
What did the senate pass against Saturninus and why?
a Senatus Consultum Ultimum for mob violence
368
What did the Senatus Consultum Ultimum against Saturninus do?
gave Marius the right to stop him
369
What war took place from 91-88 BC?
the Social War
370
What are two other names for the Social War?
the Italian War or the Marsic War
371
Why was the Social War also known as the Marsic War?
because the Romans were fighting the Marsi
372
What was the Social War fought over?
whether or not the non-Roman Italians should have citizenship
373
What law was passed in 90 BC?
Lex Iulia
374
What did the Lex Iulia do?
Julius Caesar offered Roman citizenship to all citizens of Italy who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War
375
What law was passed in 89 BC?
Lex Plautia Papiria
376
What did the Lex Plautia Papiria do?
citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled can now gain Roman citizenship
377
What war took place from 89-85 BC?
The First Mithridatic War
378
Who was the First Mithridatic War against?
Mithridates VI of Pontus
379
What did Mithridates VI do to start the First Mithridatic War?
he took territory in the east and massacred Italian residents there
380
What is Mithridates' massacre called and when did it occur?
Asiatic Vespers- 88 BC
381
Who had been chosen by the senate to fight Mithridates?
Sulla
382
Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius?
the tribune Sulpicius Rufus
383
What was the result of Sulla's command transferring to Marius?
Sulla's first march on Rome
384
What siege took place in 86 BC?
Siege of Athens
385
What was Sulla's most famous feat in the First Mithridatic War?
the siege of Athens
386
What treaty ended the First Mithridatic War?
Treaty of Dardanus
387
When was the Treaty of Dardanus finished?
85 BC
388
What was Rome divided by?
the Populares and the Optimates
389
What were the Populares?
popular assemblies and tribunate
390
What were the Optimates?
richer traditionalists wishing to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate
391
Who were the big leaders in Rome when Sulla was in Greece fighting Mithridates?
Papirius Carbo and Cornelius Cinna
392
How does Cinna die?
by a mutiny of his own troops
393
When did Cinna die?
84 BC
394
Who was the consul of 82 BC?
Carbo
395
What battle took place in 82 BC?
Battle of Colline Gate
396
What did the Battle of Colline Gate do?
solidify Sulla's control of Rome
397
Which of Marian's proconsuls of Hispania held out against Sulla's forces until 72 BC?
Sertorius
398
When was Sertorius assassinated?
72 BC
399
Who assassinated Sertorius?
Marcus Perperna
400
What was Sulla's list of people he wanted killed called?
Sulla's prescriptions
401
What did Sulla's second march on Rome basically accomplish?
remodeled the Republican government
402
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
Second Mithridatic War
403
Who was the Second Mithridatic War between?
Licinius Murena vs. Mithridates VI
404
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
War with Spartacus
405
Who started a slave revolt in 73 BC?
the Thracian slave Spartacus
406
Where did Spartacus start a slave revolt?
Capua
407
Who eventually subdued Spartacus' revolt?
Marcus Licinius Crassus
408
Where was the slave revolt subdued?
Apulia
409
In what two years are Pompey and Crassus consuls?
70 BC and 55 BC
410
What law was passed in 67 BC?
Lex Gabinia
411
Who passed the Lex Gabinia?
the tribune Aulus Gabinius
412
What did the Lex Gabinia do?
gave Pompey command against the pirates in the Mediterranean
413
How long did it take Pompey to clear the Mediterranean of pirates and in what year?
3 months in 66 BC
414
What war took place from 73-63 BC?
Third Mithridatic War
415
Who had command against Mithridates for the first part of the Third Mithridatic War?
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
416
What battle took place in 69 BC?
Battle of Tigranocerta
417
What Armenian king did Lucullus defeat at the Battle of Tigranocerta?
Tigranes the Great
418
What law was passed in 66 BC?
Lex Manilia
419
Who passed the Lex Manilia?
the tribune Gaius Manlius
420
What did the Lex Manilia do?
transferred command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey
421
What battle took place in 66 BC?
Battle of Nicopolis
422
What happens at the Battle of Nicopolis?
Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates
423
How does Mithridates die?
suicide
424
Where does Mithridates die?
Panticapaeum
425
When does Mithridates die?
63 BC
426
What conflict occurs in Rome in 63 BC?
Conspiracy of Catiline
427
Who tried to overthrow the Republic in 63 BC?
Lucius Sergius Catilina
428
What did Catilina have passed against him?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
429
Who is most responsible for Catiline's fall?
Cicero
430
What is Cicero rewarded for his speeches against Catiline?
"Pater Patriae"
431
What year does the First Triumvirate form?
69 BC
432
What was the First Triumvirate?
a powerful political alliance
433
Who was the First Triumvirate between?
Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey the Great
434
How was the First Triumvirate cemented?
when Caesar's daughter Julia married Pompey
435
What did Pompey get from the First Triumvirate?
land for his veterans
436
When was Julius Caesar born?
100 BC
437
When was Julius Caesar quaestor?
69 BC
438
When was Julius Caesar pontifex maximus?
63 BC
439
When was Julius Caesar consul?
59 BC
440
Who was Julius Caesar consul with?
Marcus Bibulus
441
What did Julius Caesar receive from the First Triumvirate?
a five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul
442
What did Julius Caesar's five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul allow him to do?
wage his Gallic Wars
443
How was Marcus Tullius Cicero exiled?
Clodius Pulcher (a tribune under Caesar) passed a law against him
444
How was Clodius Pulcher killed?
in a gang fight against his rival, Milo
445
When was Clodius Pulcher killed?
53 BC
446
What war lasted from 58-51 BC?
Caesar's Gallic Wars
447
When did Caesar cross into Britannia?
55 and 54 BC
448
Who was Caesar's most important enemy during the Gallic Wars?
Vercingetorix of the Arveni
449
Who defeated Caesar's forces during the Gallic Wars?
Vercingetorix
450
Where was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?
Gergovia
451
When was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?
52 BC
452
Where did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?
Battle of Alesia
453
When did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?
52 BC
454
Where did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet?
Luca
455
When did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet at Luca?
56 BC
456
What happens at the triumvirs' meeting at Luca?
Caesar's command is extended for 5 more years
457
When do Crassus and Pompey hold the consulship for the second time?
55 BC
458
When does Julius Caesar's daughter, Julia, die?
54 BC
459
Who did Crassus campaign against in the final years of his life?
Parthians
460
Where and when does Crassus die?
Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC
461
What war takes place from 49-45 BC?
Civil War of Caesar
462
What act of Caesar ignited the civil war?
crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC
463
What does Julius Caesar say when passing the Rubicon?
"Alea iacta est"- the die is cast
464
What battle took place in 49 BC?
Battle of Ilerda
465
What happened at the Battle of Ilerda?
Caesar marches to Spain and defeats Pompey's commanders
466
What battle occurs in 48 BC?
Battle of Dyrrachium
467
Who defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrachium?
Pompey
468
What battle decides the result of the Civil War in 48 BC?
Battle of Pharsalus
469
What happens at Pharsalus?
Caesar decisively defeats Pompey
470
Where does Pompey flee after Pharsalus?
Egypt
471
Who kills Pompey?
the orders of Ptolemy XIII
472
What battle takes place in 47 BC?
Battle of Zela
473
Who does Caesar defeat at Zela?
Pharnaces (II), son of Mithridates VI of Pontus
474
What battle takes place in 46 BC?
Battle of Thapsus
475
Who were the forces of Pompey led by at Thapsus?
Metellus Scipio and the African Juba I
476
Who commits suicide after Thapsus?
Cato the Younger
477
Where does Cato the Younger commit suicide?
Utica
478
What is Cato the Younger called after committing suicide?
Cato Uticensis
479
What battle took place in 45 BC?
Battle of Munda
480
What former lieutenant does Caesar defeat?
Titus Labienus
481
Which of Pompey's family members are later defeated by Julius Caesar?
Pompey's sons
482
In what years was Caesar a dictator?
49, 48, and 46 BC
483
When was Caesar elected dictator for life?
44 BC
484
What temple did Caesar build?
Temple of Venus Genetrix
485
What did Caesar reform?
the calendar
486
Who put his own face on coins?
Julius Caesar
487
Who was Julius Caesar planning a campaign against before his assassination?
Parthians
488
What title did Julius Caesar receive at one point?
Pater Patriae
489
Who led the conspiracy against the life of Julius Caesar?
Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus
490
How was Caesar killed?
stabbed to death by senators
491
Where was Caesar killed?
at the foot of the statue of Pompey
492
On what day was Julius Caesar killed?
March 15, 44 BC
493
What is Caesar said to have muttered while dying?
"Et tu, Brute?" "And you, Brutus?" or in Greek, "Kai su, teknon?"
494
Who was named the sole heir of Julius Caesar?
Gaius Octavius (future Augustus)
495
What was Julius Caesar's relationship to Octavius?
Octavius was his grand-nephew (and adopted son)
496
When was the Second Triumvirate formed?
43 BC
497
Who formed the Second Triumvirate?
Gaius Octavius, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony (Marcus Antoninus)
498
Who married Mark Antony?
Octavia (sister of Octavius)
499
Where is Cicero killed?
Formiae
500
What legalized the Second Triumvirate?
Lex Titia
501
What battle took place in 42 BC?
Battle of Philippi
502
Who were the winners at Philippi?
Octavian and Mark Antony
503
Who were the losers at Philippi?
Brutus and Cassius
504
How did Brutus and Cassius die?
they kill themselves
505
What treaty is formed in 49 BC?
Treaty of Brundisium
506
What did Octavian get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
the west empire
507
What did Antony get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
the east empire
508
What did Lepidus get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
Hispania and Africa
509
What battle occurred in 36 BC?
Battle of Naulochus
510
What kind of battle was the Battle of Naulochus?
naval
511
Who was the winner at Naulochus?
Marcus Agrippa, famous general of Octavian
512
Who was the loser at Naulochus?
Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey)
513
Where did the Battle of Naulochus take place?
off of Sicily
514
Why did Marcus Agrippa go to battle against Sextus Pompeius?
Sextus had been preventing the grain supply on Sicily from reaching Rome
515
Who does Mark Antony have an open affair with?
Cleopatra VII of Egypt
516
What does Augustus use to make Antony look bad?
propaganda
517
What battle took place in 31 BC?
Battle of Actium
518
Who were the winners at Actium?
Octavian and Agrippa
519
Who were the losers at Actium?
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
520
How did Mark Antony and Cleopatra die?
suicide
521
Who did Rome sign a treaty with in 226 BC?
Carthage
522
What treaty was signed in 226 BC?
Ebro Treaty
523
What did the Ebro treaty do?
says Carthage won't go north of the Ebro River in Spain
524
What what year was the Ebro Treaty made?
226 BC
525
In what year did Hannibal gain control of Spain?
221 BC
526
What town did Carthage lay siege to in 219 BC, starting the Second Punic War?
Saguntum
527
What battles took place in 218 BC?
Battle of Ticinus River and Battle of Trebia River
528
Who is the Roman leader at Ticinus River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder)
529
Who is the Carthaginian leader at Ticinus River?
Hannibal
530
Who was the winner at Ticinus River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
531
Who saves Publius Cornelius Scipio's life at the Battle of Ticinus River?
his son, the future Africanus
532
When was the Battle of Ticinus River?
218 BC
533
Who were the Roman commanders at Trebia River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus
534
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Trebia River?
Hannibal
535
Who was the winner at Trebia River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
536
When was the Battle of Trebia River?
218 BC
537
What battle took place in 217 BC?
The Battle of Lake Trasimene
538
Who is the Roman commander at Lake Trasimene?
Gaius Flaminius
539
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal
540
Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal (Carthage)
541
Where does Gaius Flaminius die?
He dies in the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
542
When was the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
217 BC
543
Who was appointed dictator after the disaster at Trasimene?
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator
544
How did Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator earn the agnomen "cunctator"?
for the delaying tactics he used against Hannibal
545
What is Quintus Fabius Maximus known as?
the "shield of Rome"
546
What battle took place in 216 BC?
Battle of Cannae
547
Who were the Roman commanders at Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tarentius Varro
548
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Cannae?
Hannibal
549
Who won the Battle of Cannae?
Hannibal (Carthage)
550
What Roman commander died at the Battle of Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
551
What did Tarentius Varro receive when he returned to Rome?
a warm reception despite the disaster
552
What city was recaptured in 211 BC?
Syracuse
553
Who recaptured Syracuse in 211 BC?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
554
What famous scientist was accidentally killed when the Romans rushed Syracuse?
Archimedes
555
Who received the spolia opima in the Second Punic War?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
556
What was Claudius Marcellus known as?
the "sword of Rome"
557
What battle took place in 207 BC?
Metaurus River
558
Who were the Roman commanders at Metaurus River?
Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator
559
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Metaurus River?
Hasdrubal Barca
560
Who won at Metaurus River?
Rome
561
What happened to Hasdrubal Barca?
he was decapitated and his head was thrown into the Carthaginian camp
562
When was Metaurus River?
207 BC
563
What battle took place in 206 BC?
Ilipa
564
Who is the Roman commander at Ilipa?
Scipio (the future) Africanus
565
What did Scipio Africanus do at Ilipa?
cut off Iberia from the Carthaginians
566
What was the result of Ilipa?
Spain was given to Scipio
567
What battle took place in 203 BC?
Battle of Campi Magni (Great Plains)
568
Who were the Roman commanders at Campi Magni?
Scipio (the future) Africanus and Gaius Laelius
569
Who was the Numidian cavalry commander on the Roman side at Campi Magni?
Massinissa
570
Who was the Numidian commander on the side of the Carthaginians at Ilipa?
Syphax
571
Who was the Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Hasdrubal (son of) Gisgo
572
Who won at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Rome
573
What battle took place in 202 BC?
Battle of Zama
574
Who were the Roman commanders at Zama?
Scipio Africanus and Masinissa
575
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Zama?
Hannibal
576
Who lost at Zama?
Carthage
577
What battle ended the Second Punic War?
Battle of Zama
578
What were the years of the Third Punic War?
149-146 BC
579
What city did Rome lay siege to, beginning in 149 BC?
Carthage
580
What is Cato the Younger called after committing suicide?
Cato Uticensis
581
What battle took place in 45 BC?
Battle of Munda
582
How did Mark Antony and Cleopatra die?
suicide
583
Who were the losers at Actium?
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
584
Who were the winners at Actium?
Octavian and Agrippa
585
What battle took place in 31 BC?
Battle of Actium
586
What does Augustus use to make Antony look bad?
propaganda
587
Who does Mark Antony have an open affair with?
Cleopatra VII of Egypt
588
Why did Marcus Agrippa go to battle against Sextus Pompeius?
Sextus had been preventing the grain supply on Sicily from reaching Rome
589
Where did the Battle of Naulochus take place?
off of Sicily
590
Who was the loser at Naulochus?
Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey)
591
Who was the winner at Naulochus?
Marcus Agrippa, famous general of Octavian
592
What kind of battle was the Battle of Naulochus?
naval
593
What battle occurred in 36 BC?
Battle of Naulochus
594
What did Lepidus get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
Hispania and Africa
595
What did Antony get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
the east empire
596
What did Octavian get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
the west empire
597
What treaty is formed in 49 BC?
Treaty of Brundisium
598
How did Brutus and Cassius die?
they kill themselves
599
Who were the losers at Philippi?
Brutus and Cassius
600
Who were the winners at Philippi?
Octavian and Mark Antony
601
What battle took place in 42 BC?
Battle of Philippi
602
What legalized the Second Triumvirate?
Lex Titia
603
Where is Cicero killed?
Formiae
604
Who married Mark Antony?
Octavia (sister of Octavius)
605
Who formed the Second Triumvirate?
Gaius Octavius, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony (Marcus Antoninus)
606
When was the Second Triumvirate formed?
43 BC
607
What was Julius Caesar's relationship to Octavius?
Octavius was his grand-nephew (and adopted son)
608
Who was named the sole heir of Julius Caesar?
Gaius Octavius (future Augustus)
609
What is Caesar said to have muttered while dying?
"Et tu, Brute?" "And you, Brutus?" or in Greek, "Kai su, teknon?"
610
On what day was Julius Caesar killed?
March 15, 44 BC
611
Where was Caesar killed?
at the foot of the statue of Pompey
612
How was Caesar killed?
stabbed to death by senators
613
Who led the conspiracy against the life of Julius Caesar?
Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus
614
What title did Julius Caesar receive at one point?
Pater Patriae
615
Who was Julius Caesar planning a campaign against before his assassination?
Parthians
616
Who put his own face on coins?
Julius Caesar
617
What did Caesar reform?
the calendar
618
What temple did Caesar build?
Temple of Venus Genetrix
619
When was Caesar elected dictator for life?
44 BC
620
In what years was Caesar a dictator?
49, 48, and 46 BC
621
Which of Pompey's family members are later defeated by Julius Caesar?
Pompey's sons
622
What former lieutenant does Caesar defeat?
Titus Labienus
623
Where does Cato the Younger commit suicide?
Utica
624
Who commits suicide after Thapsus?
Cato the Younger
625
Who were the forces of Pompey led by at Thapsus?
Metellus Scipio and the African Juba I
626
What battle takes place in 46 BC?
Battle of Thapsus
627
Who does Caesar defeat at Zela?
Pharnaces (II), son of Mithridates VI of Pontus
628
What battle takes place in 47 BC?
Battle of Zela
629
Who kills Pompey?
the orders of Ptolemy XIII
630
Where does Pompey flee after Pharsalus?
Egypt
631
What happens at Pharsalus?
Caesar decisively defeats Pompey
632
What battle decides the result of the Civil War in 48 BC?
Battle of Pharsalus
633
Who defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrachium?
Pompey
634
What battle occurs in 48 BC?
Battle of Dyrrachium
635
What happened at the Battle of Ilerda?
Caesar marches to Spain and defeats Pompey's commanders
636
What battle took place in 49 BC?
Battle of Ilerda
637
What does Julius Caesar say when passing the Rubicon?
"Alea iacta est"- the die is cast
638
What act of Caesar ignited the civil war?
crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC
639
What war takes place from 49-45 BC?
Civil War of Caesar
640
Where and when does Crassus die?
Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC
641
Who did Crassus campaign against in the final years of his life?
Parthians
642
When does Julius Caesar's daughter, Julia, die?
54 BC
643
When do Crassus and Pompey hold the consulship for the second time?
55 BC
644
What happens at the triumvirs' meeting at Luca?
Caesar's command is extended for 5 more years
645
When did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet at Luca?
56 BC
646
Where did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet?
Luca
647
When did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?
52 BC
648
Where did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?
Battle of Alesia
649
When was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?
52 BC
650
Where was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?
Gergovia
651
Who defeated Caesar's forces during the Gallic Wars?
Vercingetorix
652
Who was Caesar's most important enemy during the Gallic Wars?
Vercingetorix of the Arveni
653
When did Caesar cross into Britannia?
55 and 54 BC
654
What war lasted from 58-51 BC?
Caesar's Gallic Wars
655
When was Clodius Pulcher killed?
53 BC
656
How was Clodius Pulcher killed?
in a gang fight against his rival, Milo
657
How was Marcus Tullius Cicero exiled?
Clodius Pulcher (a tribune under Caesar) passed a law against him
658
What did Julius Caesar's five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul allow him to do?
wage his Gallic Wars
659
What did Julius Caesar receive from the First Triumvirate?
a five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul
660
Who was Julius Caesar consul with?
Marcus Bibulus
661
When was Julius Caesar consul?
59 BC
662
When was Julius Caesar pontifex maximus?
63 BC
663
When was Julius Caesar quaestor?
69 BC
664
When was Julius Caesar born?
100 BC
665
What did Pompey get from the First Triumvirate?
land for his veterans
666
How was the First Triumvirate cemented?
when Caesar's daughter Julia married Pompey
667
Who was the First Triumvirate between?
Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey the Great
668
What was the First Triumvirate?
a powerful political alliance
669
What year does the First Triumvirate form?
69 BC
670
What is Cicero rewarded for his speeches against Catiline?
"Pater Patriae"
671
Who is most responsible for Catiline's fall?
Cicero
672
What did Catilina have passed against him?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
673
Who tried to overthrow the Republic in 63 BC?
Lucius Sergius Catilina
674
What conflict occurs in Rome in 63 BC?
Conspiracy of Catiline
675
When does Mithridates die?
63 BC
676
Where does Mithridates die?
Panticapaeum
677
How does Mithridates die?
suicide
678
What happens at the Battle of Nicopolis?
Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates
679
What battle took place in 66 BC?
Battle of Nicopolis
680
What did the Lex Manilia do?
transferred command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey
681
Who passed the Lex Manilia?
the tribune Gaius Manlius
682
What law was passed in 66 BC?
Lex Manilia
683
What Armenian king did Lucullus defeat at the Battle of Tigranocerta?
Tigranes the Great
684
What battle took place in 69 BC?
Battle of Tigranocerta
685
Who had command against Mithridates for the first part of the Third Mithridatic War?
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
686
What war took place from 73-63 BC?
Third Mithridatic War
687
How long did it take Pompey to clear the Mediterranean of pirates and in what year?
3 months in 66 BC
688
What did the Lex Gabinia do?
gave Pompey command against the pirates in the Mediterranean
689
Who passed the Lex Gabinia?
the tribune Aulus Gabinius
690
What law was passed in 67 BC?
Lex Gabinia
691
In what two years are Pompey and Crassus consuls?
70 BC and 55 BC
692
Where was the slave revolt subdued?
Apulia
693
Who eventually subdued Spartacus' revolt?
Marcus Licinius Crassus
694
Where did Spartacus start a slave revolt?
Capua
695
Who started a slave revolt in 73 BC?
the Thracian slave Spartacus
696
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
War with Spartacus
697
Who was the Second Mithridatic War between?
Licinius Murena vs. Mithridates VI
698
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
Second Mithridatic War
699
What did Sulla's second march on Rome basically accomplish?
remodeled the Republican government
700
What was Sulla's list of people he wanted killed called?
Sulla's prescriptions
701
Who assassinated Sertorius?
Marcus Perperna
702
When was Sertorius assassinated?
72 BC
703
Which of Marian's proconsuls of Hispania held out against Sulla's forces until 72 BC?
Sertorius
704
What did the Battle of Colline Gate do?
solidify Sulla's control of Rome
705
What battle took place in 82 BC?
Battle of Colline Gate
706
Who was the consul of 82 BC?
Carbo
707
When did Cinna die?
84 BC
708
How does Cinna die?
by a mutiny of his own troops
709
Who were the big leaders in Rome when Sulla was in Greece fighting Mithridates?
Papirius Carbo and Cornelius Cinna
710
What were the Optimates?
richer traditionalists wishing to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate
711
What were the Populares?
popular assemblies and tribunate
712
What was Rome divided by?
the Populares and the Optimates
713
When was the Treaty of Dardanus finished?
85 BC
714
What treaty ended the First Mithridatic War?
Treaty of Dardanus
715
What was Sulla's most famous feat in the First Mithridatic War?
the siege of Athens
716
What siege took place in 86 BC?
Siege of Athens
717
What was the result of Sulla's command transferring to Marius?
Sulla's first march on Rome
718
Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius?
the tribune Sulpicius Rufus
719
Who had been chosen by the senate to fight Mithridates?
Sulla
720
What is Mithridates' massacre called and when did it occur?
Asiatic Vespers- 88 BC
721
What did Mithridates VI do to start the First Mithridatic War?
he took territory in the east and massacred Italian residents there
722
Who was the First Mithridatic War against?
Mithridates VI of Pontus
723
What war took place from 89-85 BC?
The First Mithridatic War
724
What did the Lex Plautia Papiria do?
citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled can now gain Roman citizenship
725
What law was passed in 89 BC?
Lex Plautia Papiria
726
What did the Lex Iulia do?
Julius Caesar offered Roman citizenship to all citizens of Italy who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War
727
What law was passed in 90 BC?
Lex Iulia
728
What was the Social War fought over?
whether or not the non-Roman Italians should have citizenship
729
Why was the Social War also known as the Marsic War?
because the Romans were fighting the Marsi
730
What are two other names for the Social War?
the Italian War or the Marsic War
731
What war took place from 91-88 BC?
the Social War
732
What did the Senatus Consultum Ultimum against Saturninus do?
gave Marius the right to stop him
733
What did the senate pass against Saturninus and why?
a Senatus Consultum Ultimum for mob violence
734
How many times did Saturninus serve as tribune?
3 times
735
What enemy of Marius was a tribune killed in 100 BC?
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
736
What war was ended by the Battle of Vercellae?
War with Cimbri and Teutons
737
Who was defeated at Vercellae?
the Cimbri
738
Who were the Roman commanders at Vercellae?
Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catullus
739
What battle took place in 101 BC?
Battle of Vercellae
740
Who was defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae?
Teutones
741
Who was the Roman commander at Aquae Sextiae?
Gaius Marius
742
What battle took place in 102 BC?
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
743
Who defeated the Romans at Arausio?
the Cimbri and Teutones
744
Who were the Roman commanders at Arausio?
Servilius Caepio and Mallius Maximus
745
What battle took place in 105 BC?
Battle of Arausio
746
When was Jugurtha killed?
104 BC
747
Where was Jugurtha killed?
Tullianum
748
How did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
Sulla convinced the Mauritanian ruler Bocchus I to betray Jugurtha to the Romans
749
When did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
105 BC
750
Who finally defeated Jugurtha?
Marius and his quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix"
751
Who was the kingdom of Numidia divided between when its king died?
between Micipsa's sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his step-son (and nephew) Jugurtha
752
Who died in 118 BC, causing a division in his kingdom?
Micipsa, King of Numidia
753
When was Marius' last consulship?
86 BC
754
When was Marius' first consulship?
107 BC
755
How many consecutive consulship a did Marius hold?
5
756
What consul reformed the Roman army in 1st century BC?
Marius
757
What was Marius known as?
a novus homo (he's not the only one but one of the most famous)
758
Where was Marius from?
Arpinum
759
Who held the consulship seven times?
Gaius Marius
760
Who bequeathed Pergamum to Rome?
Attalus III
761
When was Pergamum given to Rome?
133 BC
762
What became the Roman province of Asia?
Pergamum
763
How did Gaius Gracchus did?
suicide
764
Where did Gaius Gracchus flee to?
the grove of Furina on Janiculum
765
What did the senate pass that gave Opimius the power to stop Gaius at all costs?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
766
Which political enemy of Gaius was elected consul in 121 BC?
Lucius Opimius
767
Who was elected tribune in 123 and 122?
Gaius Gracchus
768
How did Tiberius Gracchus convince the senate to revolt against Tiberius?
said Tiberius was trying to become king
769
What was Scipio Nasica's relation to Tiberius Gracchus?
they were cousins
770
In what year was there a revolt against Tiberius Gracchus?
133 BC
771
Who lead the senate in a revolt to kill Tiberius Gracchus?
Scipio Nasica
772
What tribune vetoed Tiberius Gracchus' land law?
Marcus Octavius
773
What did Tiberius Gracchus' land law do?
reinstate that no citizen should be able to hold over 500 iugera of land
774
What law did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to push?
land law
775
Who was elected tribune in 133 BC?
Tiberius Gracchus
776
What did Cornelia call her sons?
"Gemae" (her jewels)
777
Who were the sons of Cornelia?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
778
Who was the daughter of Scipio Africanus?
Cornelia
779
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Achaea
780
What battle marks the end of the Roman-Greek conflict?
Battle of Corinth
781
What city was destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC?
Corinth
782
Who was defeated at the Battle of Corinth?
Achaean League?
783
Who is the Roman leader at the Battle of Corinth?
Lucius Mummius
784
What battle takes place in 146 BC?
Battle of Corinth
785
When does Macedonia become a province?
148 BC
786
Who was Andriscus?
a pretender to the throne of Macedon
787
Who was defeated in the Fourth Macedonian War?
Andriscus
788
Who was the Roman leader during the Fourth Macedonian War?
(Quintus Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus
789
What was took place from 150-148 BC?
Fourth Macedonian War
790
Who was defeated at the Battle of Pydna?
King Perseus of Macedon
791
Who was the Roman leader at Pydna?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
792
What battle took place in 168 BC?
Battle of Pydna
793
What war took place from 171-168 BC?
Third Macedonian War
794
What treaty ends the Seleucid War?
Treaty of Apamea
795
Who did the Romans defeat at the Battle of Magnesia?
Antiochus III
796
Who were the Roman commanders at Magnesia?
Scipio Africanus and brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiastucus
797
What battle took place in 190/189 BC?
Battle of Magnesia
798
Who did Glabrio defeat at Thermopylae?
Antiochus III
799
Who was the Roman commander at Thermopylae?
(Manius Acilius) Glabrio
800
What battle took place in 191 BC?
Battle of Thermopylae
801
Who did Antiochus III ally with during the Seleucid War?
the Aetolian League and Hannibal
802
Who did Rome make war with in 192 BC?
Antiochus III of the Selecuid Empire
803
What war took place from 192-188 BC?
Seleucid War
804
What did the Battle of Cynoscephalae show?
the superiority of the Legion over the Phallanx
805
Where did Flamininus declare peace and freedom for Greece?
the Isthmian games of 196 BC
806
Who declared peace and freedom for Greece in 196 BC?
Flamininus
807
Who was the Macedonian leader at Cynoscephalae?
Phillip V
808
Who was the Roman commander at Cynoscephalae?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
809
What battle took place in 197 BC?
Battle of Cynoscephalae
810
What war took place from 200-196 BC?
Second Macedonian War
811
Who lead Illyria in the Second Illyrian War?
Demretrius of Pharos
812
What war took place from 220-219 BC?
Second Illyrian War
813
Who was the leader of the Illyrian pirates during the first Illyrian War?
Queen Teuta
814
What war took place from 229-228 BC?
First Illyrian War
815
Who captured the Celtiberian city of Numantia?
Scipio Aemilianus
816
What siege took place in 133 BC?
the siege of Numantia
817
What is Viriathus called?
the "first national hero of Portugal"
818
Who did Rome fight with from 146-140 BC?
Lusitanian chieftain, Viriathus
819
Who are the three winners of the spolia opima?
Romulus, Cossus, and Marcellus
820
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Africa
821
What was Cato the Elder famous for saying?
"Carthago delenda est." (Carthage must be destroyed)
822
Who stormed Carthage, destroying it?
Scipio Aemilianus
823
When was Carthage stormed?
146 BC
824
Who did Rome sign a treaty with in 226 BC?
Carthage
825
What treaty was signed in 226 BC?
Ebro Treaty
826
What did the Ebro treaty do?
says Carthage won't go north of the Ebro River in Spain
827
What what year was the Ebro Treaty made?
226 BC
828
In what year did Hannibal gain control of Spain?
221 BC
829
What town did Carthage lay siege to in 219 BC, starting the Second Punic War?
Saguntum
830
What battles took place in 218 BC?
Battle of Ticinus River and Battle of Trebia River
831
Who is the Roman leader at Ticinus River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder)
832
Who is the Carthaginian leader at Ticinus River?
Hannibal
833
Who was the winner at Ticinus River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
834
Who saves Publius Cornelius Scipio's life at the Battle of Ticinus River?
his son, the future Africanus
835
When was the Battle of Ticinus River?
218 BC
836
Who were the Roman commanders at Trebia River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus
837
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Trebia River?
Hannibal
838
Who was the winner at Trebia River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
839
When was the Battle of Trebia River?
218 BC
840
What battle took place in 217 BC?
The Battle of Lake Trasimene
841
Who is the Roman commander at Lake Trasimene?
Gaius Flaminius
842
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal
843
Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal (Carthage)
844
Where does Gaius Flaminius die?
He dies in the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
845
When was the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
217 BC
846
Who was appointed dictator after the disaster at Trasimene?
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator
847
How did Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator earn the agnomen "cunctator"?
for the delaying tactics he used against Hannibal
848
What is Quintus Fabius Maximus known as?
the "shield of Rome"
849
What battle took place in 216 BC?
Battle of Cannae
850
Who were the Roman commanders at Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tarentius Varro
851
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Cannae?
Hannibal
852
Who won the Battle of Cannae?
Hannibal (Carthage)
853
What Roman commander died at the Battle of Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
854
What did Tarentius Varro receive when he returned to Rome?
a warm reception despite the disaster
855
What city was recaptured in 211 BC?
Syracuse
856
Who recaptured Syracuse in 211 BC?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
857
What famous scientist was accidentally killed when the Romans rushed Syracuse?
Archimedes
858
Who received the spolia opima in the Second Punic War?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
859
What was Claudius Marcellus known as?
the "sword of Rome"
860
What battle took place in 207 BC?
Metaurus River
861
Who were the Roman commanders at Metaurus River?
Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator
862
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Metaurus River?
Hasdrubal Barca
863
Who won at Metaurus River?
Rome
864
What happened to Hasdrubal Barca?
he was decapitated and his head was thrown into the Carthaginian camp
865
When was Metaurus River?
207 BC
866
What battle took place in 206 BC?
Ilipa
867
Who is the Roman commander at Ilipa?
Scipio (the future) Africanus
868
What did Scipio Africanus do at Ilipa?
cut off Iberia from the Carthaginians
869
What was the result of Ilipa?
Spain was given to Scipio
870
What battle took place in 203 BC?
Battle of Campi Magni (Great Plains)
871
Who were the Roman commanders at Campi Magni?
Scipio (the future) Africanus and Gaius Laelius
872
Who was the Numidian cavalry commander on the Roman side at Campi Magni?
Massinissa
873
Who was the Numidian commander on the side of the Carthaginians at Ilipa?
Syphax
874
Who was the Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Hasdrubal (son of) Gisgo
875
Who won at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Rome
876
What battle took place in 202 BC?
Battle of Zama
877
Who were the Roman commanders at Zama?
Scipio Africanus and Masinissa
878
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Zama?
Hannibal
879
Who lost at Zama?
Carthage
880
What battle ended the Second Punic War?
Battle of Zama
881
What were the years of the Third Punic War?
149-146 BC
882
What city did Rome lay siege to, beginning in 149 BC?
Carthage
883
When was Carthage stormed?
146 BC
884
Who stormed Carthage, destroying it?
Scipio Aemilianus
885
What was Cato the Elder famous for saying?
"Carthago delenda est." (Carthage must be destroyed)
886
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Africa
887
Who are the three winners of the spolia opima?
Romulus, Cossus, and Marcellus
888
Who did Rome fight with from 146-140 BC?
Lusitanian chieftain, Viriathus
889
What is Viriathus called?
the "first national hero of Portugal"
890
What siege took place in 133 BC?
the siege of Numantia
891
Who captured the Celtiberian city of Numantia?
Scipio Aemilianus
892
What war took place from 229-228 BC?
First Illyrian War
893
Who was the leader of the Illyrian pirates during the first Illyrian War?
Queen Teuta
894
What war took place from 220-219 BC?
Second Illyrian War
895
Who lead Illyria in the Second Illyrian War?
Demretrius of Pharos
896
What war took place from 200-196 BC?
Second Macedonian War
897
What battle took place in 197 BC?
Battle of Cynoscephalae
898
Who was the Roman commander at Cynoscephalae?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
899
Who was the Macedonian leader at Cynoscephalae?
Phillip V
900
Who declared peace and freedom for Greece in 196 BC?
Flamininus
901
Where did Flamininus declare peace and freedom for Greece?
the Isthmian games of 196 BC
902
What did the Battle of Cynoscephalae show?
the superiority of the Legion over the Phallanx
903
What war took place from 192-188 BC?
Seleucid War
904
What does Augustus use to make Antony look bad?
propaganda
905
How did Mark Antony and Cleopatra die?
suicide
906
Who were the losers at Actium?
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
907
Who were the winners at Actium?
Octavian and Agrippa
908
What battle took place in 31 BC?
Battle of Actium
909
Who does Mark Antony have an open affair with?
Cleopatra VII of Egypt
910
Why did Marcus Agrippa go to battle against Sextus Pompeius?
Sextus had been preventing the grain supply on Sicily from reaching Rome
911
Where did the Battle of Naulochus take place?
off of Sicily
912
Who was the loser at Naulochus?
Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey)
913
Who was the winner at Naulochus?
Marcus Agrippa, famous general of Octavian
914
What kind of battle was the Battle of Naulochus?
naval
915
What battle occurred in 36 BC?
Battle of Naulochus
916
What did Lepidus get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
Hispania and Africa
917
What did Antony get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
the east empire
918
What did Octavian get from the Treaty of Brundisium?
the west empire
919
What treaty is formed in 49 BC?
Treaty of Brundisium
920
How did Brutus and Cassius die?
they kill themselves
921
Who were the losers at Philippi?
Brutus and Cassius
922
Who were the winners at Philippi?
Octavian and Mark Antony
923
What battle took place in 42 BC?
Battle of Philippi
924
What legalized the Second Triumvirate?
Lex Titia
925
Where is Cicero killed?
Formiae
926
Who married Mark Antony?
Octavia (sister of Octavius)
927
Who formed the Second Triumvirate?
Gaius Octavius, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony (Marcus Antoninus)
928
When was the Second Triumvirate formed?
43 BC
929
What was Julius Caesar's relationship to Octavius?
Octavius was his grand-nephew (and adopted son)
930
Who was named the sole heir of Julius Caesar?
Gaius Octavius (future Augustus)
931
What is Caesar said to have muttered while dying?
"Et tu, Brute?" "And you, Brutus?" or in Greek, "Kai su, teknon?"
932
On what day was Julius Caesar killed?
March 15, 44 BC
933
Where was Caesar killed?
at the foot of the statue of Pompey
934
How was Caesar killed?
stabbed to death by senators
935
Who led the conspiracy against the life of Julius Caesar?
Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus
936
What title did Julius Caesar receive at one point?
Pater Patriae
937
Who was Julius Caesar planning a campaign against before his assassination?
Parthians
938
Who put his own face on coins?
Julius Caesar
939
What did Caesar reform?
the calendar
940
What temple did Caesar build?
Temple of Venus Genetrix
941
When was Caesar elected dictator for life?
44 BC
942
In what years was Caesar a dictator?
49, 48, and 46 BC
943
Which of Pompey's family members are later defeated by Julius Caesar?
Pompey's sons
944
What former lieutenant does Caesar defeat?
Titus Labienus
945
What battle took place in 45 BC?
Battle of Munda
946
What is Cato the Younger called after committing suicide?
Cato Uticensis
947
Where does Cato the Younger commit suicide?
Utica
948
Who commits suicide after Thapsus?
Cato the Younger
949
Who were the forces of Pompey led by at Thapsus?
Metellus Scipio and the African Juba I
950
What battle takes place in 46 BC?
Battle of Thapsus
951
Who does Caesar defeat at Zela?
Pharnaces (II), son of Mithridates VI of Pontus
952
What battle takes place in 47 BC?
Battle of Zela
953
Who kills Pompey?
the orders of Ptolemy XIII
954
Where does Pompey flee after Pharsalus?
Egypt
955
What happens at Pharsalus?
Caesar decisively defeats Pompey
956
What battle decides the result of the Civil War in 48 BC?
Battle of Pharsalus
957
Who defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrachium?
Pompey
958
What battle occurs in 48 BC?
Battle of Dyrrachium
959
What happened at the Battle of Ilerda?
Caesar marches to Spain and defeats Pompey's commanders
960
What battle took place in 49 BC?
Battle of Ilerda
961
What does Julius Caesar say when passing the Rubicon?
"Alea iacta est"- the die is cast
962
What act of Caesar ignited the civil war?
crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC
963
Who did Rome make war with in 192 BC?
Antiochus III of the Selecuid Empire
964
Who did Antiochus III ally with during the Seleucid War?
the Aetolian League and Hannibal
965
What war takes place from 49-45 BC?
Civil War of Caesar
966
Where and when does Crassus die?
Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC
967
Who did Crassus campaign against in the final years of his life?
Parthians
968
When does Julius Caesar's daughter, Julia, die?
54 BC
969
When do Crassus and Pompey hold the consulship for the second time?
55 BC
970
What happens at the triumvirs' meeting at Luca?
Caesar's command is extended for 5 more years
971
When did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet at Luca?
56 BC
972
Where did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet?
Luca
973
When did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?
52 BC
974
Where did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?
Battle of Alesia
975
When was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?
52 BC
976
Where was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?
Gergovia
977
Who defeated Caesar's forces during the Gallic Wars?
Vercingetorix
978
Who was Caesar's most important enemy during the Gallic Wars?
Vercingetorix of the Arveni
979
When did Caesar cross into Britannia?
55 and 54 BC
980
What war lasted from 58-51 BC?
Caesar's Gallic Wars
981
When was Clodius Pulcher killed?
53 BC
982
How was Clodius Pulcher killed?
in a gang fight against his rival, Milo
983
How was Marcus Tullius Cicero exiled?
Clodius Pulcher (a tribune under Caesar) passed a law against him
984
What did Julius Caesar's five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul allow him to do?
wage his Gallic Wars
985
What did Julius Caesar receive from the First Triumvirate?
a five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul
986
Who was Julius Caesar consul with?
Marcus Bibulus
987
When was Julius Caesar consul?
59 BC
988
When was Julius Caesar pontifex maximus?
63 BC
989
When was Julius Caesar quaestor?
69 BC
990
When was Julius Caesar born?
100 BC
991
What did Pompey get from the First Triumvirate?
land for his veterans
992
How was the First Triumvirate cemented?
when Caesar's daughter Julia married Pompey
993
Who was the First Triumvirate between?
Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey the Great
994
What was the First Triumvirate?
a powerful political alliance
995
What year does the First Triumvirate form?
69 BC
996
What is Cicero rewarded for his speeches against Catiline?
"Pater Patriae"
997
Who is most responsible for Catiline's fall?
Cicero
998
What did Catilina have passed against him?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
999
Who tried to overthrow the Republic in 63 BC?
Lucius Sergius Catilina
1000
What conflict occurs in Rome in 63 BC?
Conspiracy of Catiline
1001
When does Mithridates die?
63 BC
1002
Where does Mithridates die?
Panticapaeum
1003
How does Mithridates die?
suicide
1004
What happens at the Battle of Nicopolis?
Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates
1005
What battle took place in 66 BC?
Battle of Nicopolis
1006
What did the Lex Manilia do?
transferred command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey
1007
Who passed the Lex Manilia?
the tribune Gaius Manlius
1008
What law was passed in 66 BC?
Lex Manilia
1009
What Armenian king did Lucullus defeat at the Battle of Tigranocerta?
Tigranes the Great
1010
What battle took place in 69 BC?
Battle of Tigranocerta
1011
Who had command against Mithridates for the first part of the Third Mithridatic War?
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
1012
What war took place from 73-63 BC?
Third Mithridatic War
1013
How long did it take Pompey to clear the Mediterranean of pirates and in what year?
3 months in 66 BC
1014
What did the Lex Gabinia do?
gave Pompey command against the pirates in the Mediterranean
1015
Who passed the Lex Gabinia?
the tribune Aulus Gabinius
1016
What law was passed in 67 BC?
Lex Gabinia
1017
In what two years are Pompey and Crassus consuls?
70 BC and 55 BC
1018
Where was the slave revolt subdued?
Apulia
1019
Who eventually subdued Spartacus' revolt?
Marcus Licinius Crassus
1020
Where did Spartacus start a slave revolt?
Capua
1021
Who started a slave revolt in 73 BC?
the Thracian slave Spartacus
1022
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
War with Spartacus
1023
Who was the Second Mithridatic War between?
Licinius Murena vs. Mithridates VI
1024
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
Second Mithridatic War
1025
What did Sulla's second march on Rome basically accomplish?
remodeled the Republican government
1026
What was Sulla's list of people he wanted killed called?
Sulla's prescriptions
1027
Who assassinated Sertorius?
Marcus Perperna
1028
When was Sertorius assassinated?
72 BC
1029
Which of Marian's proconsuls of Hispania held out against Sulla's forces until 72 BC?
Sertorius
1030
What did the Battle of Colline Gate do?
solidify Sulla's control of Rome
1031
What battle took place in 82 BC?
Battle of Colline Gate
1032
Who was the consul of 82 BC?
Carbo
1033
When did Cinna die?
84 BC
1034
How does Cinna die?
by a mutiny of his own troops
1035
Who were the big leaders in Rome when Sulla was in Greece fighting Mithridates?
Papirius Carbo and Cornelius Cinna
1036
What were the Optimates?
richer traditionalists wishing to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate
1037
What were the Populares?
popular assemblies and tribunate
1038
What was Rome divided by?
the Populares and the Optimates
1039
When was the Treaty of Dardanus finished?
85 BC
1040
What battle took place in 191 BC?
Battle of Thermopylae
1041
Who was defeated at the Battle of Corinth?
Achaean League?
1042
What treaty ended the First Mithridatic War?
Treaty of Dardanus
1043
What was Sulla's most famous feat in the First Mithridatic War?
the siege of Athens
1044
What siege took place in 86 BC?
Siege of Athens
1045
What was the result of Sulla's command transferring to Marius?
Sulla's first march on Rome
1046
Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius?
the tribune Sulpicius Rufus
1047
Who had been chosen by the senate to fight Mithridates?
Sulla
1048
What is Mithridates' massacre called and when did it occur?
Asiatic Vespers- 88 BC
1049
What did Mithridates VI do to start the First Mithridatic War?
he took territory in the east and massacred Italian residents there
1050
Who was the First Mithridatic War against?
Mithridates VI of Pontus
1051
What war took place from 89-85 BC?
The First Mithridatic War
1052
What did the Lex Plautia Papiria do?
citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled can now gain Roman citizenship
1053
What law was passed in 89 BC?
Lex Plautia Papiria
1054
What did the Lex Iulia do?
Julius Caesar offered Roman citizenship to all citizens of Italy who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War
1055
What law was passed in 90 BC?
Lex Iulia
1056
What was the Social War fought over?
whether or not the non-Roman Italians should have citizenship
1057
Why was the Social War also known as the Marsic War?
because the Romans were fighting the Marsi
1058
What are two other names for the Social War?
the Italian War or the Marsic War
1059
What war took place from 91-88 BC?
the Social War
1060
What did the Senatus Consultum Ultimum against Saturninus do?
gave Marius the right to stop him
1061
What did the senate pass against Saturninus and why?
a Senatus Consultum Ultimum for mob violence
1062
How many times did Saturninus serve as tribune?
3 times
1063
What enemy of Marius was a tribune killed in 100 BC?
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
1064
What war was ended by the Battle of Vercellae?
War with Cimbri and Teutons
1065
Who was defeated at Vercellae?
the Cimbri
1066
Who were the Roman commanders at Vercellae?
Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catullus
1067
What battle took place in 101 BC?
Battle of Vercellae
1068
Who was defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae?
Teutones
1069
Who was the Roman commander at Aquae Sextiae?
Gaius Marius
1070
What battle took place in 102 BC?
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
1071
Who defeated the Romans at Arausio?
the Cimbri and Teutones
1072
Who were the Roman commanders at Arausio?
Servilius Caepio and Mallius Maximus
1073
What battle took place in 105 BC?
Battle of Arausio
1074
When was Jugurtha killed?
104 BC
1075
Where was Jugurtha killed?
Tullianum
1076
How did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
Sulla convinced the Mauritanian ruler Bocchus I to betray Jugurtha to the Romans
1077
When did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
105 BC
1078
Who finally defeated Jugurtha?
Marius and his quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix"
1079
Who was the kingdom of Numidia divided between when its king died?
between Micipsa's sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his step-son (and nephew) Jugurtha
1080
Who died in 118 BC, causing a division in his kingdom?
Micipsa, King of Numidia
1081
When was Marius' last consulship?
86 BC
1082
When was Marius' first consulship?
107 BC
1083
How many consecutive consulship a did Marius hold?
5
1084
What consul reformed the Roman army in 1st century BC?
Marius
1085
What was Marius known as?
a novus homo (he's not the only one but one of the most famous)
1086
Where was Marius from?
Arpinum
1087
Who held the consulship seven times?
Gaius Marius
1088
Who bequeathed Pergamum to Rome?
Attalus III
1089
When was Pergamum given to Rome?
133 BC
1090
What became the Roman province of Asia?
Pergamum
1091
How did Gaius Gracchus did?
suicide
1092
Where did Gaius Gracchus flee to?
the grove of Furina on Janiculum
1093
What did the senate pass that gave Opimius the power to stop Gaius at all costs?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
1094
Which political enemy of Gaius was elected consul in 121 BC?
Lucius Opimius
1095
Who was elected tribune in 123 and 122?
Gaius Gracchus
1096
How did Tiberius Gracchus convince the senate to revolt against Tiberius?
said Tiberius was trying to become king
1097
What was Scipio Nasica's relation to Tiberius Gracchus?
they were cousins
1098
In what year was there a revolt against Tiberius Gracchus?
133 BC
1099
Who lead the senate in a revolt to kill Tiberius Gracchus?
Scipio Nasica
1100
What tribune vetoed Tiberius Gracchus' land law?
Marcus Octavius
1101
What did Tiberius Gracchus' land law do?
reinstate that no citizen should be able to hold over 500 iugera of land
1102
What law did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to push?
land law
1103
Who was elected tribune in 133 BC?
Tiberius Gracchus
1104
What did Cornelia call her sons?
"Gemae" (her jewels)
1105
Who were the sons of Cornelia?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
1106
Who was the daughter of Scipio Africanus?
Cornelia
1107
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Achaea
1108
What battle marks the end of the Roman-Greek conflict?
Battle of Corinth
1109
What city was destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC?
Corinth
1110
Who is the Roman leader at the Battle of Corinth?
Lucius Mummius
1111
What battle takes place in 146 BC?
Battle of Corinth
1112
When does Macedonia become a province?
148 BC
1113
Who was Andriscus?
a pretender to the throne of Macedon
1114
Who was defeated in the Fourth Macedonian War?
Andriscus
1115
Who was the Roman leader during the Fourth Macedonian War?
(Quintus Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus
1116
What was took place from 150-148 BC?
Fourth Macedonian War
1117
Who was defeated at the Battle of Pydna?
King Perseus of Macedon
1118
Who was the Roman leader at Pydna?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1119
Who was the Roman commander at Thermopylae?
(Manius Acilius) Glabrio
1120
What battle took place in 168 BC?
Battle of Pydna
1121
What war took place from 171-168 BC?
Third Macedonian War
1122
What treaty ends the Seleucid War?
Treaty of Apamea
1123
Who did the Romans defeat at the Battle of Magnesia?
Antiochus III
1124
Who were the Roman commanders at Magnesia?
Scipio Africanus and brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiastucus
1125
What battle took place in 190/189 BC?
Battle of Magnesia
1126
Who did Glabrio defeat at Thermopylae?
Antiochus III
1127
Who did Rome sign a treaty with in 226 BC?
Carthage
1128
What treaty was signed in 226 BC?
Ebro Treaty
1129
What did the Ebro treaty do?
says Carthage won't go north of the Ebro River in Spain
1130
Who were the Roman commanders at Trebia River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus
1131
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Trebia River?
Hannibal
1132
When did Cinna die?
84 BC
1133
How does Cinna die?
by a mutiny of his own troops
1134
Who were the big leaders in Rome when Sulla was in Greece fighting Mithridates?
Papirius Carbo and Cornelius Cinna
1135
What were the Optimates?
richer traditionalists wishing to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate
1136
What were the Populares?
popular assemblies and tribunate
1137
What was Rome divided by?
the Populares and the Optimates
1138
When was the Treaty of Dardanus finished?
85 BC
1139
What treaty ended the First Mithridatic War?
Treaty of Dardanus
1140
What was Sulla's most famous feat in the First Mithridatic War?
the siege of Athens
1141
What siege took place in 86 BC?
Siege of Athens
1142
What was the result of Sulla's command transferring to Marius?
Sulla's first march on Rome
1143
Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius?
the tribune Sulpicius Rufus
1144
Who had been chosen by the senate to fight Mithridates?
Sulla
1145
What is Mithridates' massacre called and when did it occur?
Asiatic Vespers- 88 BC
1146
What did Mithridates VI do to start the First Mithridatic War?
he took territory in the east and massacred Italian residents there
1147
Who was the First Mithridatic War against?
Mithridates VI of Pontus
1148
What war took place from 89-85 BC?
The First Mithridatic War
1149
What did the Lex Plautia Papiria do?
citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled can now gain Roman citizenship
1150
What law was passed in 89 BC?
Lex Plautia Papiria
1151
What did the Lex Iulia do?
Julius Caesar offered Roman citizenship to all citizens of Italy who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War
1152
What law was passed in 90 BC?
Lex Iulia
1153
What was the Social War fought over?
whether or not the non-Roman Italians should have citizenship
1154
Why was the Social War also known as the Marsic War?
because the Romans were fighting the Marsi
1155
What are two other names for the Social War?
the Italian War or the Marsic War
1156
What war took place from 91-88 BC?
the Social War
1157
What did the Senatus Consultum Ultimum against Saturninus do?
gave Marius the right to stop him
1158
What did the senate pass against Saturninus and why?
a Senatus Consultum Ultimum for mob violence
1159
How many times did Saturninus serve as tribune?
3 times
1160
What enemy of Marius was a tribune killed in 100 BC?
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
1161
What war was ended by the Battle of Vercellae?
War with Cimbri and Teutons
1162
Who was defeated at Vercellae?
the Cimbri
1163
Who were the Roman commanders at Vercellae?
Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catullus
1164
What battle took place in 101 BC?
Battle of Vercellae
1165
Who was defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae?
Teutones
1166
Who was the Roman commander at Aquae Sextiae?
Gaius Marius
1167
What battle took place in 102 BC?
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
1168
Who defeated the Romans at Arausio?
the Cimbri and Teutones
1169
Who were the Roman commanders at Arausio?
Servilius Caepio and Mallius Maximus
1170
What battle took place in 105 BC?
Battle of Arausio
1171
When was Jugurtha killed?
104 BC
1172
Where was Jugurtha killed?
Tullianum
1173
How did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
Sulla convinced the Mauritanian ruler Bocchus I to betray Jugurtha to the Romans
1174
When did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
105 BC
1175
Who finally defeated Jugurtha?
Marius and his quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix"
1176
Who was the kingdom of Numidia divided between when its king died?
between Micipsa's sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his step-son (and nephew) Jugurtha
1177
Who died in 118 BC, causing a division in his kingdom?
Micipsa, King of Numidia
1178
When was Marius' last consulship?
86 BC
1179
When was Marius' first consulship?
107 BC
1180
How many consecutive consulship a did Marius hold?
5
1181
What consul reformed the Roman army in 1st century BC?
Marius
1182
What was Marius known as?
a novus homo (he's not the only one but one of the most famous)
1183
Where was Marius from?
Arpinum
1184
Who held the consulship seven times?
Gaius Marius
1185
Who bequeathed Pergamum to Rome?
Attalus III
1186
When was Pergamum given to Rome?
133 BC
1187
What became the Roman province of Asia?
Pergamum
1188
How did Gaius Gracchus did?
suicide
1189
Where did Gaius Gracchus flee to?
the grove of Furina on Janiculum
1190
What did the senate pass that gave Opimius the power to stop Gaius at all costs?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
1191
Which political enemy of Gaius was elected consul in 121 BC?
Lucius Opimius
1192
Who was elected tribune in 123 and 122?
Gaius Gracchus
1193
How did Tiberius Gracchus convince the senate to revolt against Tiberius?
said Tiberius was trying to become king
1194
What was Scipio Nasica's relation to Tiberius Gracchus?
they were cousins
1195
In what year was there a revolt against Tiberius Gracchus?
133 BC
1196
Who lead the senate in a revolt to kill Tiberius Gracchus?
Scipio Nasica
1197
What tribune vetoed Tiberius Gracchus' land law?
Marcus Octavius
1198
What did Tiberius Gracchus' land law do?
reinstate that no citizen should be able to hold over 500 iugera of land
1199
What law did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to push?
land law
1200
Who was elected tribune in 133 BC?
Tiberius Gracchus
1201
What did Cornelia call her sons?
"Gemae" (her jewels)
1202
Who were the sons of Cornelia?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
1203
Who was the daughter of Scipio Africanus?
Cornelia
1204
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Achaea
1205
What battle marks the end of the Roman-Greek conflict?
Battle of Corinth
1206
What city was destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC?
Corinth
1207
Who was defeated at the Battle of Corinth?
Achaean League?
1208
Who is the Roman leader at the Battle of Corinth?
Lucius Mummius
1209
What battle takes place in 146 BC?
Battle of Corinth
1210
When does Macedonia become a province?
148 BC
1211
Who was Andriscus?
a pretender to the throne of Macedon
1212
Who was defeated in the Fourth Macedonian War?
Andriscus
1213
Who was the Roman leader during the Fourth Macedonian War?
(Quintus Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus
1214
What was took place from 150-148 BC?
Fourth Macedonian War
1215
Who was defeated at the Battle of Pydna?
King Perseus of Macedon
1216
Who was the Roman leader at Pydna?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1217
What battle took place in 168 BC?
Battle of Pydna
1218
What war took place from 171-168 BC?
Third Macedonian War
1219
What treaty ends the Seleucid War?
Treaty of Apamea
1220
Who did the Romans defeat at the Battle of Magnesia?
Antiochus III
1221
Who were the Roman commanders at Magnesia?
Scipio Africanus and brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiastucus
1222
What battle took place in 190/189 BC?
Battle of Magnesia
1223
Who did Glabrio defeat at Thermopylae?
Antiochus III
1224
Who was the Roman commander at Thermopylae?
(Manius Acilius) Glabrio
1225
What battle took place in 191 BC?
Battle of Thermopylae
1226
Who did Antiochus III ally with during the Seleucid War?
the Aetolian League and Hannibal
1227
Who did Rome make war with in 192 BC?
Antiochus III of the Selecuid Empire
1228
What war took place from 192-188 BC?
Seleucid War
1229
What did the Battle of Cynoscephalae show?
the superiority of the Legion over the Phallanx
1230
Where did Flamininus declare peace and freedom for Greece?
the Isthmian games of 196 BC
1231
Who declared peace and freedom for Greece in 196 BC?
Flamininus
1232
Who was the Macedonian leader at Cynoscephalae?
Phillip V
1233
Who was the Roman commander at Cynoscephalae?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
1234
What battle took place in 197 BC?
Battle of Cynoscephalae
1235
What war took place from 200-196 BC?
Second Macedonian War
1236
Who lead Illyria in the Second Illyrian War?
Demretrius of Pharos
1237
What war took place from 220-219 BC?
Second Illyrian War
1238
Who was the leader of the Illyrian pirates during the first Illyrian War?
Queen Teuta
1239
What war took place from 229-228 BC?
First Illyrian War
1240
Who captured the Celtiberian city of Numantia?
Scipio Aemilianus
1241
What siege took place in 133 BC?
the siege of Numantia
1242
What is Viriathus called?
the "first national hero of Portugal"
1243
Who did Rome fight with from 146-140 BC?
Lusitanian chieftain, Viriathus
1244
Who are the three winners of the spolia opima?
Romulus, Cossus, and Marcellus
1245
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Africa
1246
What was Cato the Elder famous for saying?
"Carthago delenda est." (Carthage must be destroyed)
1247
Who stormed Carthage, destroying it?
Scipio Aemilianus
1248
When was Carthage stormed?
146 BC
1249
What city did Rome lay siege to, beginning in 149 BC?
Carthage
1250
What were the years of the Third Punic War?
149-146 BC
1251
What battle ended the Second Punic War?
Battle of Zama
1252
Who lost at Zama?
Carthage
1253
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Zama?
Hannibal
1254
Who were the Roman commanders at Zama?
Scipio Africanus and Masinissa
1255
What battle took place in 202 BC?
Battle of Zama
1256
Who won at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Rome
1257
Who was the Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Hasdrubal (son of) Gisgo
1258
Who was the Numidian commander on the side of the Carthaginians at Ilipa?
Syphax
1259
Who was the Numidian cavalry commander on the Roman side at Campi Magni?
Massinissa
1260
Who were the Roman commanders at Campi Magni?
Scipio (the future) Africanus and Gaius Laelius
1261
What battle took place in 203 BC?
Battle of Campi Magni (Great Plains)
1262
What was the result of Ilipa?
Spain was given to Scipio
1263
What did Scipio Africanus do at Ilipa?
cut off Iberia from the Carthaginians
1264
Who is the Roman commander at Ilipa?
Scipio (the future) Africanus
1265
What battle took place in 206 BC?
Ilipa
1266
When was Metaurus River?
207 BC
1267
What happened to Hasdrubal Barca?
he was decapitated and his head was thrown into the Carthaginian camp
1268
Who won at Metaurus River?
Rome
1269
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Metaurus River?
Hasdrubal Barca
1270
Who were the Roman commanders at Metaurus River?
Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator
1271
What battle took place in 207 BC?
Metaurus River
1272
What was Claudius Marcellus known as?
the "sword of Rome"
1273
Who received the spolia opima in the Second Punic War?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1274
What famous scientist was accidentally killed when the Romans rushed Syracuse?
Archimedes
1275
Who recaptured Syracuse in 211 BC?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1276
What city was recaptured in 211 BC?
Syracuse
1277
What did Tarentius Varro receive when he returned to Rome?
a warm reception despite the disaster
1278
What Roman commander died at the Battle of Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1279
Who won the Battle of Cannae?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1280
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Cannae?
Hannibal
1281
Who were the Roman commanders at Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tarentius Varro
1282
What battle took place in 216 BC?
Battle of Cannae
1283
What is Quintus Fabius Maximus known as?
the "shield of Rome"
1284
How did Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator earn the agnomen "cunctator"?
for the delaying tactics he used against Hannibal
1285
Who was appointed dictator after the disaster at Trasimene?
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator
1286
When was the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
217 BC
1287
Where does Gaius Flaminius die?
He dies in the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
1288
Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1289
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal
1290
Who is the Roman commander at Lake Trasimene?
Gaius Flaminius
1291
What battle took place in 217 BC?
The Battle of Lake Trasimene
1292
When was the Battle of Trebia River?
218 BC
1293
Who was the winner at Trebia River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1294
When was the Battle of Ticinus River?
218 BC
1295
Who saves Publius Cornelius Scipio's life at the Battle of Ticinus River?
his son, the future Africanus
1296
Who was the winner at Ticinus River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1297
Who is the Carthaginian leader at Ticinus River?
Hannibal
1298
Who is the Roman leader at Ticinus River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder)
1299
What battles took place in 218 BC?
Battle of Ticinus River and Battle of Trebia River
1300
What town did Carthage lay siege to in 219 BC, starting the Second Punic War?
Saguntum
1301
In what year did Hannibal gain control of Spain?
221 BC
1302
What what year was the Ebro Treaty made?
226 BC
1303
Who did Rome sign a treaty with in 226 BC?
Carthage
1304
What treaty was signed in 226 BC?
Ebro Treaty
1305
What did the Ebro treaty do?
says Carthage won't go north of the Ebro River in Spain
1306
What what year was the Ebro Treaty made?
226 BC
1307
In what year did Hannibal gain control of Spain?
221 BC
1308
What town did Carthage lay siege to in 219 BC, starting the Second Punic War?
Saguntum
1309
What battles took place in 218 BC?
Battle of Ticinus River and Battle of Trebia River
1310
Who is the Roman leader at Ticinus River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder)
1311
Who is the Carthaginian leader at Ticinus River?
Hannibal
1312
Who was the winner at Ticinus River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1313
Who saves Publius Cornelius Scipio's life at the Battle of Ticinus River?
his son, the future Africanus
1314
When was the Battle of Ticinus River?
218 BC
1315
Who were the Roman commanders at Trebia River?
Publius Cornelius Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus
1316
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Trebia River?
Hannibal
1317
Who was the winner at Trebia River?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1318
When was the Battle of Trebia River?
218 BC
1319
What battle took place in 217 BC?
The Battle of Lake Trasimene
1320
Who is the Roman commander at Lake Trasimene?
Gaius Flaminius
1321
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal
1322
Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1323
Where does Gaius Flaminius die?
He dies in the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
1324
When was the Battle of Lake Trasimene?
217 BC
1325
Who was appointed dictator after the disaster at Trasimene?
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator
1326
How did Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator earn the agnomen "cunctator"?
for the delaying tactics he used against Hannibal
1327
What is Quintus Fabius Maximus known as?
the "shield of Rome"
1328
What battle took place in 216 BC?
Battle of Cannae
1329
Who were the Roman commanders at Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tarentius Varro
1330
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Cannae?
Hannibal
1331
Who won the Battle of Cannae?
Hannibal (Carthage)
1332
What Roman commander died at the Battle of Cannae?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1333
What did Tarentius Varro receive when he returned to Rome?
a warm reception despite the disaster
1334
What city was recaptured in 211 BC?
Syracuse
1335
Who recaptured Syracuse in 211 BC?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1336
What famous scientist was accidentally killed when the Romans rushed Syracuse?
Archimedes
1337
Who received the spolia opima in the Second Punic War?
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1338
What was Claudius Marcellus known as?
the "sword of Rome"
1339
What battle took place in 207 BC?
Metaurus River
1340
Who were the Roman commanders at Metaurus River?
Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator
1341
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Metaurus River?
Hasdrubal Barca
1342
Who won at Metaurus River?
Rome
1343
What happened to Hasdrubal Barca?
he was decapitated and his head was thrown into the Carthaginian camp
1344
When was Metaurus River?
207 BC
1345
What battle took place in 206 BC?
Ilipa
1346
Who is the Roman commander at Ilipa?
Scipio (the future) Africanus
1347
What did Scipio Africanus do at Ilipa?
cut off Iberia from the Carthaginians
1348
What was the result of Ilipa?
Spain was given to Scipio
1349
What battle took place in 203 BC?
Battle of Campi Magni (Great Plains)
1350
Who were the Roman commanders at Campi Magni?
Scipio (the future) Africanus and Gaius Laelius
1351
Who was the Numidian cavalry commander on the Roman side at Campi Magni?
Massinissa
1352
Who was the Numidian commander on the side of the Carthaginians at Ilipa?
Syphax
1353
Who was the Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Hasdrubal (son of) Gisgo
1354
Who won at the Battle of Campi Magni?
Rome
1355
What battle took place in 202 BC?
Battle of Zama
1356
Who were the Roman commanders at Zama?
Scipio Africanus and Masinissa
1357
Who was the Carthaginian commander at Zama?
Hannibal
1358
Who lost at Zama?
Carthage
1359
What battle ended the Second Punic War?
Battle of Zama
1360
What were the years of the Third Punic War?
149-146 BC
1361
What city did Rome lay siege to, beginning in 149 BC?
Carthage
1362
When was Carthage stormed?
146 BC
1363
Who stormed Carthage, destroying it?
Scipio Aemilianus
1364
What was Cato the Elder famous for saying?
"Carthago delenda est." (Carthage must be destroyed)
1365
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Africa
1366
Who are the three winners of the spolia opima?
Romulus, Cossus, and Marcellus
1367
What war took place from 73-71 BC?
Second Mithridatic War
1368
What did Sulla's second march on Rome basically accomplish?
remodeled the Republican government
1369
What was Sulla's list of people he wanted killed called?
Sulla's prescriptions
1370
Who assassinated Sertorius?
Marcus Perperna
1371
When was Sertorius assassinated?
72 BC
1372
Which of Marian's proconsuls of Hispania held out against Sulla's forces until 72 BC?
Sertorius
1373
What did the Battle of Colline Gate do?
solidify Sulla's control of Rome
1374
What battle took place in 82 BC?
Battle of Colline Gate
1375
Who was the consul of 82 BC?
Carbo
1376
When did Cinna die?
84 BC
1377
How does Cinna die?
by a mutiny of his own troops
1378
Who were the big leaders in Rome when Sulla was in Greece fighting Mithridates?
Papirius Carbo and Cornelius Cinna
1379
What were the Optimates?
richer traditionalists wishing to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate
1380
What were the Populares?
popular assemblies and tribunate
1381
What was Rome divided by?
the Populares and the Optimates
1382
When was the Treaty of Dardanus finished?
85 BC
1383
What treaty ended the First Mithridatic War?
Treaty of Dardanus
1384
What was Sulla's most famous feat in the First Mithridatic War?
the siege of Athens
1385
What siege took place in 86 BC?
Siege of Athens
1386
What was the result of Sulla's command transferring to Marius?
Sulla's first march on Rome
1387
Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius?
the tribune Sulpicius Rufus
1388
Who had been chosen by the senate to fight Mithridates?
Sulla
1389
What is Mithridates' massacre called and when did it occur?
Asiatic Vespers- 88 BC
1390
What did Mithridates VI do to start the First Mithridatic War?
he took territory in the east and massacred Italian residents there
1391
Who was the First Mithridatic War against?
Mithridates VI of Pontus
1392
What war took place from 89-85 BC?
The First Mithridatic War
1393
What did the Lex Plautia Papiria do?
citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled can now gain Roman citizenship
1394
What law was passed in 89 BC?
Lex Plautia Papiria
1395
What did the Lex Iulia do?
Julius Caesar offered Roman citizenship to all citizens of Italy who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War
1396
What law was passed in 90 BC?
Lex Iulia
1397
What was the Social War fought over?
whether or not the non-Roman Italians should have citizenship
1398
Why was the Social War also known as the Marsic War?
because the Romans were fighting the Marsi
1399
What are two other names for the Social War?
the Italian War or the Marsic War
1400
What war took place from 91-88 BC?
the Social War
1401
What did the Senatus Consultum Ultimum against Saturninus do?
gave Marius the right to stop him
1402
What did the senate pass against Saturninus and why?
a Senatus Consultum Ultimum for mob violence
1403
How many times did Saturninus serve as tribune?
3 times
1404
What enemy of Marius was a tribune killed in 100 BC?
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
1405
What war was ended by the Battle of Vercellae?
War with Cimbri and Teutons
1406
Who was defeated at Vercellae?
the Cimbri
1407
Who were the Roman commanders at Vercellae?
Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catullus
1408
What battle took place in 101 BC?
Battle of Vercellae
1409
Who was defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae?
Teutones
1410
Who was the Roman commander at Aquae Sextiae?
Gaius Marius
1411
What battle took place in 102 BC?
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
1412
Who defeated the Romans at Arausio?
the Cimbri and Teutones
1413
Who were the Roman commanders at Arausio?
Servilius Caepio and Mallius Maximus
1414
What battle took place in 105 BC?
Battle of Arausio
1415
When was Jugurtha killed?
104 BC
1416
Where was Jugurtha killed?
Tullianum
1417
How did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
Sulla convinced the Mauritanian ruler Bocchus I to betray Jugurtha to the Romans
1418
When did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?
105 BC
1419
Who finally defeated Jugurtha?
Marius and his quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix"
1420
Who was the kingdom of Numidia divided between when its king died?
between Micipsa's sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his step-son (and nephew) Jugurtha
1421
Who died in 118 BC, causing a division in his kingdom?
Micipsa, King of Numidia
1422
When was Marius' last consulship?
86 BC
1423
When was Marius' first consulship?
107 BC
1424
How many consecutive consulship a did Marius hold?
5
1425
What consul reformed the Roman army in 1st century BC?
Marius
1426
What was Marius known as?
a novus homo (he's not the only one but one of the most famous)
1427
Where was Marius from?
Arpinum
1428
Who did Rome fight with from 146-140 BC?
Lusitanian chieftain, Viriathus
1429
Who held the consulship seven times?
Gaius Marius
1430
Who bequeathed Pergamum to Rome?
Attalus III
1431
When was Pergamum given to Rome?
133 BC
1432
What became the Roman province of Asia?
Pergamum
1433
How did Gaius Gracchus did?
suicide
1434
Where did Gaius Gracchus flee to?
the grove of Furina on Janiculum
1435
What did the senate pass that gave Opimius the power to stop Gaius at all costs?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
1436
Which political enemy of Gaius was elected consul in 121 BC?
Lucius Opimius
1437
Who was elected tribune in 123 and 122?
Gaius Gracchus
1438
How did Tiberius Gracchus convince the senate to revolt against Tiberius?
said Tiberius was trying to become king
1439
What was Scipio Nasica's relation to Tiberius Gracchus?
they were cousins
1440
In what year was there a revolt against Tiberius Gracchus?
133 BC
1441
Who lead the senate in a revolt to kill Tiberius Gracchus?
Scipio Nasica
1442
What tribune vetoed Tiberius Gracchus' land law?
Marcus Octavius
1443
What did Tiberius Gracchus' land law do?
reinstate that no citizen should be able to hold over 500 iugera of land
1444
What law did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to push?
land law
1445
Who was elected tribune in 133 BC?
Tiberius Gracchus
1446
What did Cornelia call her sons?
"Gemae" (her jewels)
1447
Who were the sons of Cornelia?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
1448
Who was the daughter of Scipio Africanus?
Cornelia
1449
What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?
Achaea
1450
What battle marks the end of the Roman-Greek conflict?
Battle of Corinth
1451
What city was destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC?
Corinth
1452
Who was defeated at the Battle of Corinth?
Achaean League?
1453
Who is the Roman leader at the Battle of Corinth?
Lucius Mummius
1454
What battle takes place in 146 BC?
Battle of Corinth
1455
When does Macedonia become a province?
148 BC
1456
Who was Andriscus?
a pretender to the throne of Macedon
1457
Who was defeated in the Fourth Macedonian War?
Andriscus
1458
Who was the Roman leader during the Fourth Macedonian War?
(Quintus Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus
1459
What was took place from 150-148 BC?
Fourth Macedonian War
1460
Who was defeated at the Battle of Pydna?
King Perseus of Macedon
1461
Who was the Roman leader at Pydna?
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
1462
What battle took place in 168 BC?
Battle of Pydna
1463
What is Viriathus called?
the "first national hero of Portugal"
1464
What war took place from 171-168 BC?
Third Macedonian War
1465
What treaty ends the Seleucid War?
Treaty of Apamea
1466
Who did the Romans defeat at the Battle of Magnesia?
Antiochus III
1467
Who were the Roman commanders at Magnesia?
Scipio Africanus and brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiastucus
1468
What battle took place in 190/189 BC?
Battle of Magnesia
1469
Who did Glabrio defeat at Thermopylae?
Antiochus III
1470
Who was the Roman commander at Thermopylae?
(Manius Acilius) Glabrio
1471
What battle took place in 191 BC?
Battle of Thermopylae
1472
Who did Antiochus III ally with during the Seleucid War?
the Aetolian League and Hannibal
1473
Who did Rome make war with in 192 BC?
Antiochus III of the Selecuid Empire
1474
What war took place from 192-188 BC?
Seleucid War
1475
What did the Battle of Cynoscephalae show?
the superiority of the Legion over the Phallanx
1476
Where did Flamininus declare peace and freedom for Greece?
the Isthmian games of 196 BC
1477
Who declared peace and freedom for Greece in 196 BC?
Flamininus
1478
Who was the Macedonian leader at Cynoscephalae?
Phillip V
1479
Who was the Roman commander at Cynoscephalae?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
1480
What battle took place in 197 BC?
Battle of Cynoscephalae
1481
What war took place from 200-196 BC?
Second Macedonian War
1482
Who lead Illyria in the Second Illyrian War?
Demretrius of Pharos
1483
What war took place from 220-219 BC?
Second Illyrian War
1484
Who was the leader of the Illyrian pirates during the first Illyrian War?
Queen Teuta
1485
What war took place from 229-228 BC?
First Illyrian War
1486
Who captured the Celtiberian city of Numantia?
Scipio Aemilianus
1487
What siege took place in 133 BC?
the siege of Numantia
