History In Cartography Flashcards
600 BC Babylonian WorldMap
Whats unique about it?
Oldest Map - Persians and Egyptians missing despite they knew they existed.
Early Assumption in Cartography?
Earth was flat, believed by early greeks.
Emergence of Theory of Round World
Which Greek Scientists?
- Aristotle - ships on horizon
- Erathostenes - calculated circumference
- Ptolemys Geographica - started projections
During Roman Era, what did maps focus on?
Maps focused on administration/conquest and focused more on surveying than cartography.
What followed the Roman Collapse?
Dark Ages - science was taken control of by the church. All science was made to fit doctrine.
Idrisi World Map
When was it created?
What made it unique?
Created in 12th Century
- South at top
- Showed climate zones
12th Century T in 0 Maps
What are they?
Maps that were really a graphic rather than a map, usually representing religious information on Christ (doctrine)
Ebstorf Mappa Mundi
- world circular frame
- dominated by heads, hands, feet of Christ
- design at center depicts resurrection in Jerusalem
China in 5th Century
China in 11th Century
5th Century - China started gathering inventories of their territories (soil inventories, growth potential, water ways, transport ways)
11th Century - has well developed topographic series with grid.
Importance of Chinese Figure “Pei Hsiu”
Defined mapping principles based on scale and a grid
Map of China and Track of YU (1137)
What’s its importance?
- has grid with scale of 100 Li (Chinese mile)
- shows rivers and cities
- created 100s of years before Europeans
When does the East meet West in terms of information exchange?
Start of 13th Century
In Western World when does it break dominance of the church over science and what does that lead too?
13th Century - Leads to the emergence of charts - Portolan Charts with navigational compass, colour coded.
Age of Discovery (start of colonialism)
- where is the main focus in general?
- focus on knowledge and understanding
- growth in exploration, and discovery accompanied by a number of dramatic developments
When did the first major Cartography revolution occur and why?
Around 15th Century (1450) - creation of Printing Techniques and Engraving
Major events from 15th Century
Graticule and Map Projections
- Age of Splendid Mapping
- emergence of great Atlases
When was Mercator Atlas established?
16th Centrury
When was Atlas major and Grand Atlas established?
17 Century, Atlas Major (1664 - 1662) Grand Atlas (1662)
When was the first shape of earth measured? and by what country?
French initiate metric measure in 18th Century
When was the rise in Thematic Mapping?
What caused its rise?
Latter part in 19th Century
Followed the increase in focus on sub-disciplinary studies (social sciences).
- they required thematic maps to communicate findings.
Modern Cartography - 19th century
What big revolution occurred?
Photo-chemical revolution
- revolutionized data capture and advances in production, reproduction and printing.
Modern Cartography - 20th Century
What big revolution occurred?
Electronic Revolution
- Aerial photography, remote sensing, GIS, GPS
all had major effect on Cartography
Explain the contemporary Paradigm Shift
From representation to Visualization
Going from looking at a map as an end product to viewing the map as a stage in process.
