History- Important terms and people

Question 1

Define Sex history

Answer 1

It is the study of ideas, laws, behaviour and sexual
identities throughout time

Question 2

What did Neil Richards do?

Answer 2

Has the Collection of Sexual and Gender Diversity

Question 3

Ancient Greek perceptions on sex

Answer 3

Most sexual behaviours were permissible as long as it met certain conditions- largely powerful men who were married and had children, since they were powerful they were allowed to have sex with young men and boys because they were powerful. Not understood as homosexual activity, but as a display of power.

Not a world where people identified with their sexual behaviour in ancient Greece, today many identify with their sexual behaviour and activity

Question 4

Early Christians perception on sex

Answer 4

began to stigmatize non-marital, non-procreative
sexuality activity as “sinful” whether it was with opposite sex or same
-sex partners

Women’s sexuality was viewed as particularly dangerous and
potentially de-stabilizing to society

Men’s bodies were viewed as the normal human body

Question 5

15th Century (renaissance) views on sex

Answer 5

marriage was viewed as an important state and religious matter. Childbearing should occur after marriage, so as to make children legitimate heirs to their father’s wealth and confirm lineage

Procreation was the key form of appropriate sexuality (again linked to population growth)

Women’s sexuality was deemed of lesser importance than male sexuality, essentially women were viewed as procreative beings – their purpose to marry, have children, raise future citizens and then their tasks were done.

Question 6

Define Contact Zone

Answer 6

Early encounters between early European settlers and the Indigenous peoples

Question 7

Indigenous views on sexuality post 1492 (contact)

Answer 7

Indigenous peoples were more egalitarian
than European society. Women and men were free to enter into
relationships and stay as long as those relationships were
worthwhile

sexuality was not confined to monogamous relationships

children were raised by parents, extended kin and community

Political power could reside in male and female hands

Same-sex activity occurred, known by a variety of terms, now
usually referred to as Two Spirit

Question 8

Define two-spirit

Answer 8

Someone who identifies with having both a masculine and feminine spirit

Seen as special in the community, gift from the creator

May regard same sex activity or cross gendered behaviour

Reclaimed in 1980s

Question 9

Samuel Champlain

Answer 9

1609- established settlement in Quebec city

Question 10

What was the goal of the Jesuit Missionaries?

Answer 10

convert the Indigenous people to Catholicism, wanted to “recivilize” the new world

Pushed for strict church sanctified marriages forgetting the fluid community values.

Wanted Indigenous-European marriages to resemble family standards in Europe

Question 11

Define Homosocial

Answer 11

existing in a world of men, socially interacting with mainly men

Many fur traders were outcasts in European societies and didn’t mind not conforming to European norms

Question 12

What was the middle ground era

Answer 12

Where early settlers chose FN norms of marriage and sexuality
Adopted “country marriages”

Question 13

What ended the middle ground era

Answer 13

too many damn settlers

Question 14

Jamestown

Answer 14

Virginia - 1607

one of the first settlements in America with individual male settlers

Europeans lived with FN culture

Tobacco industry

Relations between slaves and slave owners were originally permitted

Question 15

Pilgrims to America

Answer 15

Nov 1620- mayflower

Pilgrims that settled in new england wanted to get away from the church of england, because they (the church) wasnt religious enough

Believed in predestination meaning everything is pre determined

Calvinist and Puritan sects

Question 16

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Answer 16

1628
established on a firmer European foundation
Colonial Government

Harvard in 1636 to train Puritan ministers

Settled as families

Question 17

Define Prescriptive Literature

Answer 17

Literature that tells people how to live

Question 18

Puritan worldview: Surveillance and punishment

Answer 18

task is to be a better England

All adults had to live in a marital or family unit

To encourage marriage but also surveillance

sex that didn’t produce children was a crime and considered a waste of resources

thought that if a woman enjoyed sex, the kids would turn out better

saw women as “lustful beings”

Question 19

Puritan (New England) Crimes

Answer 19

Laws prohibiting sex outside of marriage

Sodomy, buggery and bestiality were punishable by the death penalty.

Rape, masturbation and adultery were crimes, but punishments less severe

Question 20

Puritan Family Life

Answer 20

Colonial families were own primary productive unit, grew own food, taught own kids

Believed that the entire community would be held accountable for the sins of an individual

Families having children every 2-3 years, most kids aren’t surviving

Women’s legal and religious power is virtually none. Women had social power within the household, but if dysfunction occurred women were hung to dry

Question 21

Sodomy

Answer 21

homosexual acts between men

Question 22

Miscegenation

Answer 22

the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types.

Question 23

Southern Colonies crimes

Answer 23

severe sexual crimes for mixed race unions, particular those of African men and English women – a crime punishable by lynching

In english colonies- children of white and black couples were considered African American

Question 24

Sally Hemmings

Answer 24

1773-1835

best known African American slave family in the United States thanks to the fact they are descendents of President Thomas Jefferson.

Question 25

Jacques Cartier

Answer 25

Founded New France in 1534

Question 26

New France

Answer 26

Cartier 1534 (founder) Dechamplain 1608– started building there/ established Quebec Reverts to rule by King, Louis XIV in 1663, insists that settlement increase (had brought 2500 people from France), that the church provide religious instruction and that the colony should attempt to become self-sufficient and hopefully, add to the wealth and prestige of the French empire 6-1 male to female ratio

Question 27

Marie de l’Incarnation

Answer 27

1599-1672 arrived in Quebec in 1639, founding the Ursuline Convents, and ultimately was one of the founders of the colony of New France. Felt compelled to go to Canada / New France. Determined to bring the French church there worked with Indigenous First Nations – learning their language, teaching, and translating a bible into Algonquin denoted the “Mother of new France” postmortem Possibly an example of women joining convents to avoid getting married or pregnant

Question 28

Filles du Roi

Answer 28

Daughters of the King 850 women were sent to New France many of these women were poor, offered a fresh start Provided with a dowery, new clothes, some household items to make them attractive marriage prospects Laws made it a requirement that the “filles du roi” be married shortly after their arrival in the colony These women could make some economic decisions regarding marriage because they were so sought after and could be picky

Question 29

Marriage norms in New France

Answer 29

People married young and often multiple times French settlers continued to marry Indigenous women; the unbalanced sex ratio favoured women and the option of the convent allowed for women who didn’t want to marry to have “profession” French civil law, women and men owned property equally and so women were more secure, economically, in old age French norms of marriage remained in place until well after the American revolution of 1776 and the arrival of American “loyalists”

Question 30

Conquest of Quebec

Answer 30

1759 New France falls to British control, becomes part of BNA

Question 31

American Revolutionary War / War of Independance

Answer 31

1775-1783 USA created

Question 32

Loyalists

Answer 32

people loyal to the British crown left US and emigrated to BNA two new colonies were created to provide homes for the loyalists- New Brunswick and Upper Canada

Question 33

War of 1812

Answer 33

1812 Waves of British immigrants went to BNA after war

Question 34

John Graves Simcoe

Answer 34

First Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada Married to Elizabeth Graves Simcoe Emigrated 1791 Lived in Niagra and York (later Toronto) where the colonial governments were created

Question 35

Elizabeth Graves Simcoe

Answer 35

Diaries have lots of information to FN people and describes how their assistance is essential to the British male settlers - provides insight into life in Upper Canada She was a painter Diary comments that she has 11 kids, seven daughters before her first boy - Patriarchal society, so they needed a son to be the heir Eventually decide to move back to England Lady Simcoe noted that she had been crying all day when she was supposed to leave Canada, she really liked it there Died 1850

Question 36

Catherine Parr Trail

Answer 36

"The Backwoods of Canada" 1836 Guidebook for how to survive as a woman in Upper Canada Optimistic tone Trades w FN neighbours but still views them as inferior Showed idyllic colonial marriage

Question 37

Susanna Moodie

Answer 37

"Roughing it in the Bush" 1852 Guidebook for how to survive Upper Canada Depressing outlook, shares many tradgedies Explains how traditional ladylike training has no use in this world Terrified of indigenous families Less successful marriage, hard jobs, husband made poor financial decisions

Question 38

Farming and Settlement of upper Canada

Answer 38

Depended on settlers and farm families for land Indigenous lands taken away for farming and European settlement But it was fine bc Indigenous people were a "dying race"

Question 39

Royal Proclamation

Answer 39

1763 made treaties with indigenous people but also kicked them off their land

Question 40

Indigenous Resistance

Answer 40

Chief Shingwaukonse it existed both in traditional ways and in European ways they did not go quietly

Question 41

BC gold rush

Answer 41

1858 Gold rush brought many white male settlers, leading to unbalanced gender ratio - Mixed race unions common in BC with first nations women Stressed the importance of motivators for moving to Canada– not every decision was economic - BC became a bit of a refuge for people to get away from families and social situations

Question 42

Barkerville, B.C - Cariboo Gold Rush

Answer 42

1861 Resource based economy (Barkerville) - fur trade, mining, lumber, fisheries Male defined workplaces Economy dictated the male dominated settlement Few European women

Question 43

Sir James Douglas

Answer 43

First governor of BC had FN wife Amelia Refer to first seminar reading

Question 44

Plains Marriage for Indigenous peoples

Answer 44

Indigenous people didn't have the traditional idea of monogamous marriage, and didn't believe in church-sanctioned “till death do us part” marriage. Much more fluidity in relationships Both men and women could choose partners Relationships could end when they were no longer useful No stigma in Indigenous societies around splitting up Some Indigenous men had multiple wives but was uncommon Had to be wealthy Was about status and a more communal approach to raising children Generally worked well

Question 45

Monogamous marriage

Answer 45

Marriage with only one partner at a time, usually for life Stressed in Western religion feature of the homestead acts in western canada- state stressed monogamy and the traditional nuclear family "the imposition of the monogamous model of marriage should be understood as a critical component in the deliberate shaping of the west --- It took tremendous efforts to impose this model and to make this gender order appear natural.” S. Carter in "the importance in being monogamous"

Question 46

Plural Marriages

Answer 46

Many Mormons fled the US to Canada because Utah was trying to outlaw plural marriage. Cardston AB was one of the first Mormon communities in 1867

Question 47

Indian Act 1

Answer 47

1876 the government legally creates the category “Indian” and defines who is and is not an Indian.

Question 48

Indian Act 2

Answer 48

recognized Indian marriages and Church marriages; Indian women who marry non-Indian men cease to be Indian white women who marry Indian men become Indian. Indian status determined by marital status, not birthright or “blood”. Aboriginal divorce not recognized

Question 49

Victorian Era

Answer 49

Queen Victoria, died 1901, Reigned for 2/3rds of the 19th century

Question 50

Relationship between cities and sexuality

Answer 50

Cities shape sexuality – “Red Light Districts”, Parks, walking the streets, the “Flâneur”: a man of leisure, free to walk the streets – most associated with Parisian street life important sites for heterosexual and same-sex activities People drawn to cities for waged jobs and schooling. Stayed for jobs, opportunities and because of the attractions of the city Leaving homes and family farms meant being away from family and community surveillance

Question 51

Victorian Era Moralism

Answer 51

Church wanted private lives to stay private, tried to police "deviant" activity Led to considerable victim blaming Want people to get married State was trying to construct a strong British country and have a bunch straight white people

Question 52

The Flâneur

Answer 52

Usually applies to men Walking the street Possibly driven by a desire to find other men like themselves

Question 53

Agents of Morality

Answer 53

Churches- Roman Catholic and Protestant Government- Canadian state Volunteer organizations (YWCA?)

Question 54

Victorian Values

Answer 54

Hard work Self-reliance Respectability Temperance / moderate alcohol consumption Heterosexual marriages Monogamy Raising good, Christian children Family at the core (patriarchy)

Question 55

New Laws and Legislation in the Victorian era

Answer 55

Canadian federal government grants divorce and legislate marriage laws Montreal society for the protection of girls and women 1892 Criminal Code 1886 - Seduction law Federal government passed a series of laws from 1869 to 1892 aimed at preventing women's debauchery- everything short of the sale of sex for money was made a criminal offence or punished more severely than previously

Question 56

Criminal Code

Answer 56

1892 focused on sexual activities

Question 57

Seduction Law

Answer 57

1886 Protecting womens sexual purity Sex with a girl less than 14 was illegal Couldn't revoke a marriage proposal to a women under 21 Rape laws only apply to virgins

Question 58

Social Gospel (Victorian era)

Answer 58

Focused on acting out Christian values on earth - more marriages Church was seen as equally, if not more, important than the state 1880-1920- many reform organizations to combat bad behaviour (YMCA/YWCA) Trying to "cleanse" cities and impose Victorian values to the poor, working class, and immigrants

Question 59

"Haven in a Heartless world"

Answer 59

Historian Christopher Lasch’s phrase (originally coined in the 1970s, and then the title of his 1995 book) described the central role played by the family in the nineteenth century Nuclear family: breadwinning male father/husband at the head; wife and mother; kids. Backbone of Canada and the United States Marriages were now shifting to a companionate model– women and men both fulfilled, no sexual double standards

Question 60

Orienting to US history - textbook CH 7 overview

Answer 60

Dramatic increase in fears about sexual deviance and disorder within cities Middle class moral reformers – who were they and why were they worried?  Worried about “fallen women” and prostitution  Role of the medical profession in regulating gendered behavior, particularly women  Politics of social purity activists  Obscenity and Anthony Comstock  “free love”  Leaving an era of community surveillance for one of personal accountability

Question 61

Orienting to US history - textbook CH 8 overview

Answer 61

1880-1930, a new sexual order  Changing notions of marriage, dramatic drop in fertility  Very different sexual experiences for women and men. Most men had sex before marriages, women were to remain chaste  Women in higher education and the choices of some middle class female professionals to live with other women  Consumption and leisure time growing  Working class urban commercial culture – dance halls, roller rinks, movies etc  Much opportunity for sexual play in this working class culture  Sex moving beyond the confines of “marriage”

Question 62

Social Purity (mid 19th C)

Answer 62

Influenced by religious revivals and the protestant churches About keeping the nation pure and teaching morals Opposed to prostitution and openly advocates for a single sexual standard for both women and men Believed in hierarchies of race, with Anglo North Americans at the top. Proponents of eugenics Worried about the “unfit” whether those were new immigrants, FN, or citizens with mental or physical health issues that would reproduce “inferior” children - Classified as feeble-minded Didn't like masturbation, gay sex, cheating, interracial sex, everything your grandmother would hate Argued that a single standard of sexuality was ideal - BOTH men and women should remain monogamous and not have sex before marriage

Question 63

The City (again late 1880s, early 1900s)

Answer 63

1881- 25% of Canadians lived in cities 1921- 50% of Canadians lived in cities Commercial leisure was popular - roller rinks, movie theatres etc Working and middle class people were living side by side Class status was precarious, couldn't really feel secure in middle class status Marriage happens a bit later in life Many commercial leisure centers would hire chaperones to watch the behaviour of young single people Government wanted people to do boring things like reading instead of having fun Winnipeg even had an institutionalized red light districts Prostitutes were quite common in the bigger cities– but women were always seen as the bad ones

Question 64

Early Toronto (1880s +)

Answer 64

City of toronto said they had a girl problem Girls were ready to work in factories Single working women were considered the most dangerous population Actually resulted in poverty level wages for working women Had to try and make ends meet– often may barter sex for services or food becaue wages didn't cover enough

Question 65

Toronto Police Morality Squad

Answer 65

1880s toronto created a morality squad with the purpose of looking for women, drugs, alcohol etc to police the shit outta everyone helping organization to watch over single women in the city

Question 66

Gross Indecency Laws

Answer 66

1892 added to the criminal code. which covered a wide range of sexual offences, purposefully left vague so as to cover many acts and behaviours. Five years in jail and provisions for the lash if convicted Toronto police stake out washrooms to catch men engaged in same-sex acts (Tea rooms)

Question 67

Hanlans Point Hotel

Answer 67

1909 gay nude beach diving horse fun times (bad)

Question 68

Taxonomy

Answer 68

The science of classification

Question 69

Sexology and Sexologists

Answer 69

the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors, and functions “creators of a complex social practice, with contested forms of knowledge with structures reaching deeply into the practices of everyday life. A practice by which power is both exercised and resisted...both a study of sexual concepts and social practices.” Chris Waters, Sexology, p. 59

Question 70

Thomas Robert Malthus

Answer 70

Eugenics concerned with “over population” and in particular with the fertility rates of countries, races and continents deemed inferior to white northern Europeans. From his writing, came the impetus for birth control

Question 71

Francis Galton

Answer 71

"Hereditary Genius" 1883 Coined the term Eugenics meaning nobility in birth

Question 72

Eugenics

Answer 72

In practice meant the betterment of the human race through marriage (or abstaining from marriage) Field combined science medicine and social reformers who sought scientific solutions to social problems observable in cities– poverty, illness, degenerate behaviour Believed that middle class white western Europeans were committing race suicide by having smaller and smaller families, while the poor working class non white and medically suspect population continued to have overly large families

Question 73

Race Suicide

Answer 73

Belief that white people weren't having enough kids, uh oh, no more white people

Question 74

Richard Von Kraft Ebbing

Answer 74

Sexologist "Psychopathia Sexualis" 1886 Researched and wrote about non normative sexual behaviour or perversions in 1893 He was the first expert to describe sexual activity between women and men as “heterosexual” Sex between men became known as “homosexual”

Question 75

Magnus Hirschfield

Answer 75

Sexologist "Homosexuality in Men and Women" 1914 Created the first sexology journal in 1908 Wanted people to realize that we are born with our sexual drive and that sexuality is innate

Question 76

Where was the first institute for sexual science?

Answer 76

1919 the Institute for Sexual Science was founded in Berlin, Germany. The institute’s extensive library and all of its artefacts were destroyed in 1933 by the Nazis

Question 77

Havelock Ellis

Answer 77

Sexologist Believed that sex affected the entire person Thought that sex was a good thing Same-sex behaviour labelled “sexual inversion” was innate– people were born that way, it is an inherited characteristic - Born this way therefore it should not be criminalized Advocated for a greater acceptance of a wide range of behaviour

Question 78

Oscar Wilde

Answer 78

Tried in 1895 for gross indecency he was committed and served time in jail By the 1930s and 40s his condition was now a psychiatric one, not a criminal one

Question 79

James Kiernan

Answer 79

"The Heterosexual" 1892 as an individual with too much sex drive. A person attracted to both the opposite and same sex.  According to Kiernan, the homosexual was a person attracted only to the same sex.

Question 80

Terms Hetero and Homosexual

Answer 80

Originated from Kiernan in 1892 - heterosexual meant someone who had too much sex 1893, Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis used the terms as we know them today

Question 81

Margaret Sanger

Answer 81

"Family Limitation" early 20th century Coined birth control at the same time Gets charred with the Comstock act - Charged for spreading indecent stuff in the US mail

Question 82

Sigmund Freud - Writing

Answer 82

"Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" 1905 The unconscious became a turbulent zone where diverse sexual drives have to be repressed so that the human subject maintains identity Infancy, Latency, Puberty Environmental and biological factors influenced a persons sexual development Parenting and environmental influences were key

Question 83

Sigmund Freud

Answer 83

Theory of psychosexual development Freud’s theories of psycho-sexual development accounted for diversity (what one does) and sexual object (who one does it with)  Categorized perversions, saw them as treatable, caused by developmental issues not innate  Normal sex was heterosexual between adult men (the initiators, actors) and women (more passive)  One of the major groups criticized by Freud were mothers for their failures to raise children properly – led to much guilt placed on mother’s role in their child’s sexual behaviour

Question 84

Romantic Friendships in Saskatchewan

Answer 84

A lot of focus put on women's same sex activity by psychiatrists Term Lesbian was created as a psychiatric term/ medical term Single sex schools became more common People were living modestly, wasn't uncommon to room/ board with the same sex

Question 85

Annie M. (Nan) McKay

Answer 85

Born in 1892 Went to Usask and graduated in 1915 Noted as an “top 100 Alumni of Influence” for being first Metis alum Played hockey Ended up working as a librarian at the campus library Secretary of the campus YWCA Retired in 1959 “In her day the women seemed heartier on campus” Died in 1986 Nan McKay and Hope Weir kissing photo Were both popular and well liked Didn't publicize her Metis status or her sexuality; lesbian was a term that was used but not identified with because it was pathologized.