HIST 135 FINAL

Question 1

Explain the significance of the roaring twenties

Answer 1

music, dance, fashion, and cultural expression were all overtly sexual

Harlem Renaissance and Jazz – lead to much inter-racial socializing and cultural developments in the U.S.

North America’s economy expanded; over 50% of Canadians and Americans now lived in cities; sexuality became far more explicit and sex display was a hallmark of this decade

Companionate marriage encouraged middle-class to seek sexual pleasures within marriage. See marriage as a romantic union not an institution focused solely on procreation

Gay pockets– New York, Toronto, London, Winnipeg start to emerge

represents the first sexual revolution

Demonstrated the switch from Victorian values and order to the disillusionment of the 1920’s
→ The roar of the 20’s caused a huge challenge to social order.

Question 2

Explain the significance of prohibition on the challenging of class structure

Answer 2

In the US, many African Americans are moving from the south into northern cities. Chicago, Detroit, New York, Baltimore, Washington DC become very populated with black people.
- Bred unique cultural and social activity.
- Modified version of contact zones. Black Americans drive social change and more non-black people come to engage in those spaces. They were pushed mostly in search of alcohol.
- Harlem is a centrepiece for cultural transformation and exchange.

Transformation of dresses and hair and makeup, largely based on the prohibition.
→ The roaring 20’s were largely caused by the restrictions enforced during the Prohibition
- People went in search of alcohol and usually wound up in ‘speak-easy’s’
- Caused the mixing of middle- and working-class citizens

Question 3

Explain the significance of Jazz music in the 20s

Answer 3

Harlem and Greenwich’s village had an explosion of music clubs and a ‘renaissance’ of Black American art & music that many were involved in. Also bohemian cultural experiences,
- Louis Armstrong
- Jazz is upbeat, improvisational, and a very sexualized form of music. This was very different as most other music styles were very reserved.
- Jazz became emblematic of the era.

• Bessie Smith - one of the most recognized American jazz singers in American history.
  ★ I’m wild about that thing.

Question 4

Explain “Compassionate Marriage

Answer 4

Increased visibility of marriage guidebooks
- Prescribing satisfying sexual relationships between spouses.
→ Marriage is no longer just being done for the sake of having children or fulfilling one’s purpose, it is one for oneself i.e to find a lifelong companion
→ A key part of companionate marriage is romance and sexual compatibility
→ “Married Love” by Marie Stopes (1918)
- Trying to unpack sexual issues that married coupled face and provide solutions
- Ver pro women: made it clear that women’s needs had to be attended to for satisfactory sexual experience.
- Redefined sexual experience to include orgasms for both parties involved.
- She wrote poetically about sex and saw marital sex as almost a spiritual event
- Pro-birth control because she didn’t want women’s sexual experience to be hampered by worries about accidental pregnancy.
The middle-class is writing about marriage and sexuality, in basically the beginning of modern romance novels
- The working class is more focused on access to birth control.
→ Companionate marriage is now seen as the goal of the nation.
→ non-heterosexual sexual activity continues to be openly pathologized. The binary of “appropriateness” and “inappropriateness” continues.

Question 5

Explain the significance of prohibition on the challenging of class structure

Answer 5

In the US, many African Americans are moving from the south into northern cities. Chicago, Detroit, New York, Baltimore, Washington DC become very populated with black people.
- Bred unique cultural and social activity.
- Modified version of contact zones. Black Americans drive social change and more non-black people come to engage in those spaces. They were pushed mostly in search of alcohol.
- Harlem is a centrepiece for cultural transformation and exchange.

Transformation of dresses and hair and makeup, largely based on the prohibition.
→ The roaring 20’s were largely caused by the restrictions enforced during the Prohibition
- People went in search of alcohol and usually wound up in ‘speak-easy’s’
- Caused the mixing of middle- and working-class citizens

Question 6

Explain the sociological changes brought by the great depression in the 1930s (5)

Answer 6

The economic crisis of the Great Depression created the necessity for state intervention – initially to stabilize the economy but also to attempt to “create order”

Such order resulted in the policing of radicals – political, sexual and gendered.

The heterosexual majority continued to live their lives, and increasingly to enjoy privileged space for sex within marriage – witness the popularity of honeymoons

Sexual minority communities, like “pansies” found themselves under siege– legally and culturally

Subterranean worlds however continued to exist for those prepared to resist, and thus people like Bert Sigurdson had agency to construct a workable, queer world for himself in the City of Winnipeg

Question 7

How do economic comparatives of the great depression affect sexual expression
How does the economic downturn create an opportunity for more conservative activity
(possible question)

Answer 7

Economic comparatives of the great depression affect sexual expression by limiting the available resources and funding for minority groups; in general, when money isn’t an issue, people are more forgiving when it comes to differing behaviours. However, due to the great depression, sexual minorities took some of the blame for it as conservative viewpoints took over. When the economy is poor, Americas gut reaction was to revert back to pre 1920s when there was less sexually explicit media and more conservative values, as “the economy was better when we had this but became worse after we accepted this”

Question 8

What was the On to Ottawa Trek?

Answer 8

1935
Workers laid off by the great depression conveying to Ottawa to demand more jobs

one of the first nationwide treks of its kind

got shut down in Regina when RCMP open fired on a crowd killing 4

Question 9

Describe the importance of the honeymoon in the 1930s (seminar)

Answer 9

1938
Still strong idea of settling down and getting married
Development of the honeymoon - became more accessible to middle class north America
Honeymoon became an integral part of getting married - was stressed in marriage guides

Niagra falls one of the top honeymoon destinations - easily accessible - marketing for honeymooners, specifically, treated them like royalty

Honeymoons intended for baby making (duh) and Niagra hotels became synonymous with fuckin

“The second greatest disappointment” article from seminar - Dubinsky
importance of the heterosexual honeymoon
fears that a bad honeymoon ruined a marriage –> impotence for men
debate on whether women had sex drives or not –> men must woo women
men under a lot of pressure to perform well
most owned marriage guides
Hollywood memed the shit outta the honeymoon / niagra
still heavy policing for gay ppl

Question 10

What was the pansy craze of the 1930s, why did it happen, and what happened after?

Answer 10

The pansy - effeminate men dressed as women

Made gay new York and gay cities more visible

Men who were extremely flamboyant - campy

Made it easier for closeted individuals were able to see queer culture
Cities embraced pansy / fairy culture
Theatres full of drag queens / cross dressers
Got criminalzied pretty quick
Seen as outrageous entertainment

Lead to alot of anxiety about American masculinity (like always)

Possibly, pansy shows were for reaffirming male masculinity to their wives
Straight men felt better about themselves (awe :/)

Backlash - Vice charges for liquor offenses, arrests for lewd behaviour
Acts move from NY to LA

Question 11

Who was Julian Eltinge, and what was the result of his, and other pansy behaviour
(highlighted term in here)

Answer 11

20s star and 30s perverted political radical

One of the most popular early actors in american silent films
In the 30s was completely unemployable and behaviour was linked with police crackdowns and vice raids

Police demonized this behaviour - blaming the economic crisis on this - also thought crossdressers were communist
Gender non conforming behaviour was seen as communist by LA police
“Suspicious of difference”
Raids made drag into a political act

30s Hollywood producers have a new moral code to work with - banned the words fairy pansy and sissy from all films - opposite to the 20s - no feminine men, no masculine women - would last until the 60s

Question 12

What does the term “subterranean worlds” mean and who did we focus on in this genre

Answer 12

1930s crackdown did not mean the end of alternative cultures
Queer shows and people do not vanish, re adapt to being subversive and underground
Example of Bert Sigurdson in Winnipeg

Question 13

Who was Bert Sigurdson and why was he important

Answer 13

interviewed for Winnipeg queer history –> in Korineks “were the girls of the Pansy Parade” article
Sought out queer spaces in Winnipeg
Born 1922 - youngest of 6
Family was one where women had alot of power
Served in WW2
First same sex experiences at the age of 11 in 1933
Gays had sex with straight-looking men
The society belles - using camp names - gender transgressive behaviour
Used term “dirt” for gay bashers
remembered protective Chinese cafe owners

Question 14

Generalize and explain the significance of world war 2 and the changes it brought in societal expectations (4)

How does WWII create short term and long term changes for gender and behaviour?
(highlighted point)

Answer 14

Wartime provided opportunity for sexual experimentation, with same-sex workplaces, military service and deployment overseas

The demands of war led to more job opportunities for women, dress reform, independent living, and the ability to move away from the control of parents and communities

Many “freedoms” were rescinded at the war’s end, but people had tasted them – working for pay; daycare; sexual experimentation and same-sex socializing would not return to the pre-war model of life –> propaganda said these were all temp changes

Planning for reconstruction focused heavily on reinforcing appropriate gender roles; heterosexual marriage and home ownership and child-raising

Question 15

What were the War Brides

Answer 15

1946
over 45000 Canadian servicemen stationed overseas had gotten married in England
These marriages produced 21000 kids that arrived in Canada in the postwar years

Question 16

Discuss the inclusion of women in the military in WWII

Answer 16

Largely in support roles
40% of women said they joined military for patriotism
Family in the military
30% wanted adventure, independence, escape from civilian life
13% wanted to wear a uniform

Goal to keep women as feminine as possible, uniform wore skirts, payed way too much attention to this tbh
Military nurses viewed more favorably than other positions
Worried about women in uniforms
Worried about being stationed away from family

Stressed high code of moral conduct
Canteens for women did not serve booze → public drunkenness was unacceptable
Were not supposed to be flirty
Couldnt swear
Couldnt smoke
Still had to abide by conventional middle class behaviour → even though they were in the military
No sex (they still were tho )
Had to sign out feminine products
Lesbianism was a disease yikes
Pregnant women transferred immediately

Question 17

Queer service in the WWII military (1 named piece of media)

Answer 17

Emergence of overseas gay bars –> Leicester Square → gay bar in downtown London

Despite screening process → many queer men still made it into the military

Often the first time people heard the label homosexual
Were more selective with women than with men → were deemed less essential so they could afford to be choosy

Forbidden Love 1992 NFB documentary detailing lesbian experiences in the war

The gay bars were about coming to terms with a group and an identity and began to nurture culture

War creates strong bonds between servicepeople

Sometimes turned a blind eye to homosexual male activity → but only if one was well liked and did important tasks

Question 18

Broadly explain the significance of the 1950s (4)

Answer 18

Fifties are synonymous with heterosexual marital bliss and baby-boom children

Film, romance fiction, television, magazines, and ads all reinforced the message that getting married was the goal of all “normal” adults. Those outside the heterosexual norm were vilified – more on that next lecture

Fears of “deviance” – juvenile delinquents; rock and rollers like working class, southern U.S. Elvis Presley whose music, and moves, were hyper sexual struck terror in the hearts of middle-aged parents.

This new teenage culture, with children raised permissively and indulgently, would be the seeds of sixties rebelllions to come

Question 19

why were the 1950s considered to be the most atypical decade

Answer 19

Everyone was rich and sexy because previously, everyone was poor and sad, and afterwards everyone was also poor and sad again

also intense pressure to conform and be normal
gay and lesbian civil servants were purged
assumed a connection between sexual difference and political difference

Question 20

What happened to the economy right after WWII

Answer 20

An era of unprecedented affluence
Full employment post-war
Jobs plus cash saved during the war meant people turned to kick-starting their lives → buying houses, cars, furniture, and appliances
More and more women creep back into the job market in the late 50s
Many industries closed during the war, was nothing to spend money on, so people accumulated savings

North Americans embraced the quest for “normalcy”
Normalcy=jobs, marriage, a house, a car, and kids.
The ideal was life in the suburbs

Question 21

Chatelaine magazine and heterosexual marital bliss (key term) (has seminar reading too)

Answer 21

Crazy suburban advertising
Selling marital bliss and selling heterosexuality → how getting married is in everyone’s best interest
Post-war propaganda wanted everyone to settle down and get married
1000 books sold on how to be happy and successful in a marriage
Each magazine issue focused on romance fiction → getting married –>: Because the magazine is focused on women
emergence of Harlequin romance novels →
Emphasis on cooking, recipes
Chatelaine had articles about sex
People be sad in the suburbs lol–> advertising pills
Points of contradiction and reality regarding women’s roles and issues in the magazine, vacuum cleaner ad, and the heterosexual sell.
stress advertising

“Don’t Let Your Girlfriends Ruin Your Marriage”: Lesbian Imagery in Chatelaine Magazine, –> Korinek\
stressed much of the above
how gay stories were censored, gays seen as an issue, trying to explain why gays are gay
some subliminal lesbian stories –> the hollow

Question 22

Explain the significance of the baby boomers

Answer 22

1946-1944 → 3.9 million babies born in Canada
Raised with child centered parenting style → be affectionate and tell children that they are special
Dr. Spocks The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care → bestseller
Very indulged
Generation thinks its all about them

Question 23

Explain the significance of TV in the 1950s

Answer 23

Arrived in early 1950s
Most important technologies of the 19th C
Tv brought families together
Family sitcoms–> only heterosexual, often misogynistic
Aimed at family viewing
Most Canadians watching american TV
CBC in 1952
Commercials that supported the TVs –> more heterosexual marketing
Taught children and teenagers how to be “normal”

Question 24

Explain the teenager vibes of the 50s

Answer 24

Rebel Without a Cause
All about delaying adulthood
Juvenile delinquents
Fast cars
Loud music
Stereotypical teenager
Teenage consumption revolves around dating
Magazines explain the heterosexual roles to teenagers
Idea of “going steady”
Training wheels to suburban lifestyle

The rock and roll rebellion, sometimes challenged the heterosexual suburban ideals the adults wanted

Question 25

Explain the significance of Elvis in the 50s

Answer 25

First appeared on ed sullivan show in 1956 → to much criticism
Music had great importance in 50s culture
Hes sexyyyyyyy ( people dont like that), very overtly sexual presence was loved by teenage fans but criticized by adults

Question 26

Generally explain the significance of the Cold War and the darker side of the 1950s (4)

Answer 26

There was a darker side to the 1950s – red scares, lavender scares, and general anxiety about Cold War Politics, the bomb, and un-American activities

In this climate many people outside the mainstream, middle-class majority were anxious about the future

Much repression occurred, and people lost their jobs, families and less frequently lives

This dark decade creates the first stirring of resistance – in Homophile organizations, like the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis. Paves the way for
“liberation” in the sixties

Question 27

What were the Kitchen Debates

Answer 27

American way of life → Kitchen Debates 1959
Tensions are high → nothing happens

Kitchen debates → debates between the American and Soviet ways of life

Government used a nuclear family as a tool to promote American values
Stark notion of freedom

People who didn’t conform to the suburban model was considered suspect

Question 28

What was the Lavender Panic

Answer 28

During the cold war, one couldnt do anything that seemed unamerican because you could be suspected as a spy
Much of Hollywood got blacklisted
Canada did not have quite the amount of trials
Canadian diplomat Herbert Norman → One of canadas best public servants
HE WAS GAY
People thought gay = communist
Homosexuals viewed as a security risk
More in article –> Love hate and fear in Canadas cold war –. goes more into fears that queer people were communist
“initially queers were seen as fellow travellers of communists because of our violation of political, class, social, and sexual boundaries”

Lavender Panic
November 1950 nearly 600 federal civil servants in the US were fired for suspected homosexuality
Immigration laws revised to make it illegal for a homosexual to immigrate to the US
Canadian government also purged homosexuals from the civil service, military, and “delicate” offices – National Film board. On November 2017 Trudeau apologized
Time when it was impossible to be abnormal

Question 29

Introduction of homosexuality into the DSM

Answer 29

Homosexuality is classified as a sociopathic personality disorder
Treatment ranged from psychotherapy to shock therapy
Employers wondered about hiring someone that was mentally unstable
Governments argued that homosexuals were threats because they were vulnerable to blackmail
They were deemed vulnerable because revealing homosexuality would result in the loss of jobs, family, and likely either criminal or medical interventions → ofc people gonna hide it

Question 30

What was the impact of early homophile organizations (two main groups here)

Answer 30

Tried to dispel myths about homosexuality
Gays aren’t mentally ill or communists
In the 1950s small groups of middle-class homophile activists began to fight back
Attempted to dispel myths of homosexuality and to prevent themselves as average Americans who slept with the same sex
Pulp fiction and physique magazines
Mattachine society 1951 -61 in LA by Harry Hay
Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) in San Francisco in 1955 by Del martin and Phyllis Lyons
First lesbian organizations
Middle class focused on education

Article –> Never going back
discusses even more groups in the 60s and 70s
GLF
GATE in Vancouver

Question 31

Broadly explain second wave feminism and its developments in the early 1960s (3)

Answer 31

Second Wave feminism was one of the major activist movement of the 20th century

It led to a number of key developments legally, politically, economically and socially

In terms of gender and sexuality, it offered an opportunity to critique inequality between women and men; to rethink women’s experiences of heterosexuality; and to begin the transformation of gender and marital norms that has been nothing short of revolutionary as compared with the conformity of the 1950s

Question 32

What was first wave feminism

Answer 32

1880 - 1920
First wave feminism → women get the right to vote (simplistically)

After discovering that women do not all vote as a block → feminism went into a bit of a lull, did not drastically change the political landscape
Feminism does not get the same attention as it did for womens suffrage

Question 33

What was second-wave feminism (and what were the three types)

Answer 33

Connection between feminism and the African American civil rights movement

The civil rights movement gets a lot of media attention after WWII
1956 Rosa Parks → charged after refusing to give up her seat
Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee (1960)
It was “discovered” that women got paid less (crazy)
Teachers had to resign when they got pregnant

Liberal feminism → concerned with “equity” “why we dont have more female ___”
Concerned more with white middle class women

Radical feminism → that women were an oppressed class
Get rid of the oppression (men) ((good))
Scary → “probably just angry lesbians”

Socialist feminism → focused on systemic discrimination “systems” needed to change.
Saw it as a much deeper issue than liberal feminism

Question 34

What was the Presidents Commission on Women

Answer 34

Report released 1963
Key emphasis was on childcare facilities (so women could work for pay / attend school), income inequality, sexism

1966 national organization for women (NOW) created

Equal Pay act 1963

Women and men doing the same job should get the same rate of pay (duh)
In theory, worked → in practice, absolutely the fuck not –> employers tried very hard to keep paying women less

Big finding in that this is a systemic issue as in it is built into the system

Question 35

What was the Royal Commision on the Status of Women (Canada)

Answer 35

1967
Urged the canadian government to do their own study instead of using data from USA
Report released in 1970

Recommended wage equity, childcare, paid maternity leaves and recognition of both women and men as parents

Various laws to encourage womens full participation in the labour market
Visited all provinces and the north and heard from a more diverse group of women

Question 36

Who were Betty Friedan and Doris Anderson

Answer 36

Female authors and activists in the 60s (America and US)

Betty Friedan
The Feminine Mystique (1963)
The problem that has no name
Former womens magazine journalist
How white middle class well of women so unhappy in their life in suburbia
–> This was because women were told to be happy in their niche roles as women
–> Being a wife and a mother
–> Did not address ones individual talents
Women had interests outside of being a married housewife
One of the most influential books in the 20th century

Doris Anderson
Chatelaine (1957- 1977)
Canada was actually ahead of the states on this with Doris Anderson in 57
She put many feminist messages into the magazine
Editor for 20 years

Question 37

Give a broad overview of gay liberation in the late 60s and early 70s (4)

Answer 37

Rigid gender roles gave way to androgynous styles of dress & behaviour for women and men

Sexuality became very experimental and many taboos were weakened

Inequalities persisted – women felt pressured to have sex; lesbians were ignored; the state still prosecuted gays; people feared gay sexuality was contagious

The era of liberation gave way to the era of demands for rights – gendered, sexual, and in particular “human rights” for gays and lesbians

Question 38

How were women and men affected by these sexual revolutions and what were the long term ramifications for North American society?

How did the era of sexual liberation lead to activism, identity politics and demands for the state to bestow “rights”?

possible exam questions

Answer 38

answered largely in other slides

Question 39

Explain the basis behind the sexual revolution

Answer 39

The hippie mantra of free love was a popular with university students and young adults in the late sixties and early seventies

Free love is a social movement that accepts all forms of love. The movement’s initial goal was to separate the state from sexual and romantic matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery. It stated that such issues were the concern of the people involved and no one else. –> counterculture movement

Growing numbers of married women joining the workforce

Sexual imagery becomes more common

Premarital sex becomes more common

People more likely to defer marriage until after higher education

Question 40

How did birth control arise

Answer 40

1960 Enovid (first birth control pill) approved by FDA
1965 US Supreme court rules that married couples allowed privacy to use birth control
1972 USSC rules that regardless of marital status, American women can access birth control
Liberated sexuality from reproduction

Question 41

What was the importance of live threatre and sexual displays in the 60s

Answer 41

Musicals like “hair” and “oh calcutta” which featured full frontal, embodied this new emphasis on sexual display and freedoms
Changes in fashion
Jeans → hippy clothes
Clothing becomes more eroticized

Question 42

Describe homophile activism in the 1960s US and Canada

Answer 42

Pioneer gay rights activist Barbara Gittings at the first homosexual rights demonstration in Philadelphia, July 4, 1965.

The gays be coming outta the damn woodworks
Gay ghettos in urban centers
Activism about trying to demonstrate respectability
Daughters of Bilitis
ASK forms in Vancouver in 1964

March 1971 in sask for gay liberation . activisim
Saskatoon GATE same year
Was second city in canada to have a gay community center

Question 43

What were the stonewall riots?

Answer 43

June 1969
Fought back against routine persecution at the stonewall tavern in NYC

Became the turning point for the awareness of gay issues and the major starting line for gay activism –> was very public and shed light on gay oppression

Question 44

What was “We Demand”

Answer 44

First gay movement in Canada in 1971 petitioning for the awareness of gay rights and freedoms
Petitioned on Parliament hill
Why pride month is in August

Question 45

What is the difference between homophile groups and gay liberation groups?

Answer 45

Homophile were middle class people who want acceptance / tolerance

Liberation wants to be LIBERATED be who u r 24/7
Gay is good

Question 46

Who was Doug Wilson?

Answer 46

College of education –> USASK
Ad for a campus gay organization, resulted in him losing his job and status as a student or educator because of education board fears over having a gay student who was also awesome
Publicised gay and lesbian struggles in the prairies, he was well liked

Question 47

Who was Leonard Matlovich?

Answer 47

Vietnam veteran who was discharged from the military when he came out as gay
Appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1975
He won his case and received settlement in 1980

Question 48

What was the conclusion to the reproductive justice movement (5) (includes roe v wade)

Answer 48

The end of Roe v. Wade is a significant milestone legally and socially in the United States

Will it mark the end of many progressive decisions visa vis birth control, same-sex marriage and same-sex unions?

Many states had already reduced access to abortion

Canada has had legal access for 34 years, but that doesn’t mean all women can access abortion in their home communities or when they require it

Utilizing a reproductive justice and intersectional analysis illustrates that for some people legalized access to birth control, abortion represent freedom for others these
decisions imposed more state sanctioned oppression (KEY TERM) (don’t look at gendered issues in a vacuum)

Question 49

Who was Dr. Gregory Pincus?

Answer 49

New birth control pill was tested on Puerto rican women
Many people living in poverty
Dense population

This meant there were lots of women trying to limit family size
Pill worked but side effects were crazy → 3 women in the trial died

Estrogen dosage was lowered once white women also got sick

Question 50

What was the SisterSong Women of Colour Reproductive Health Collective

Answer 50

Coined the term Reproductive Justice in 1997
Speaks to the rights to have or not have children and to parent the children one has in a safe and healthy environment

Question 51

Fully explain the path of abortion rights in Canada (includes 2 articles

Answer 51

Criminalized in the mid 1860s
Strengthened in 1892
1969 → a apart of Bill C-150 abortion is partially decriminalized
1988 → Supreme court “fully” decriminalized abortion
Birth control decriminalized in 1969 but that meant that open practices continued
Single women, teenagers, university students would struggle to get access to the pill initially when GPs preferred to give it to married women
Gatekeepers in the medical profession wanna make moneyyy

Meant that lawful abortions only in hispitals with approved theraputing abortion commities (TAC) with a minimum of three doctors
GPs referred women and acted as gatekeepers
TAC determined if a womans life of health is compromised if the pregnancy continues
Decisions of TAC was not up for discussion or appeal
Was rarely approved for those in a minority

Dr. Henry Morgentaler
–> ran an abortion clinic in Montreal, was very much pro abortion rights and performed abortions to anyone that needed one at low cost and in a safe and healthy environment

Two articles –> Clandestine Operations, detailed the Vancouver Womens Caucus and the Abortion Caravan, which made it to Trudeaus doorstep bc the RCMP couldn’t find the communist man behind the whole thing

and “Choice Interrupted” discussing abortion rights and the Morgentaler clinic, how many people caught him out because TACs were unforgiving to most minorities
also discusses how people would try to elect pro life hospital boards to remove abortion access at the local level

Question 52

Abortion and Birth control in eugenics 1960/70s

Answer 52

Indigenous women, racialized and working class women were strongly encouraged to take the pill to limit their fertility and hence reduce their communities and populations
An attack on fertility and the attack of the future of their people
Done in an effort to reduce costs
From Eugenics to Family Planning –> Karen Stote
Involuntary sterilization in AB
Coerced sterilization continues as one means of undermining indigenous connections to the land and reducing obligations to indigenous peoples
In her estimation it remains an act of genocide
More than 100 women in sask up until 2018 were forcefully sterilized

Question 53

Provide a broad overview of the AIDS crisis in the 80s and the impacts it caused (5)

Answer 53

AIDS proved to be a transformative illness

In its initial few years, before anti-viral treatment (1986), it claimed thousands of North Americans. Now it is a chronic illness, albeit an expensive one to treat successfully – hence it is still very deadly in the developing world and in communities where poverty, lack of proper nutrition and housing compromise health care outcomes.

It made gays and lesbian visible, particularly those who were hiding in the closet

Initially, it demonstrated the dangerous situation of the lack of rights, and relationship recognition, which would stimulate activism (and eventually marriage activism)

It lead to breaking down barriers between gays and straights, and to creating acceptance for gays and lesbians – but it took a long time, much gay and lesbian activism, and finally, governments heard these demands –> ended liberationist politics

Question 54

Detail the AIDS progression in NA

Answer 54

Initially a gay disease in NA, first Canadian case in 1981
Then spreads to drug users, hemophiliacs young black men and ultimately heterosexuals
Thise who were HIV positive insisted on being called people living with aids rather than AIDS victims
1986 → AZT, first antiviral medication is launched. Antivirals, if started as soon as diagnosed, could make HIV a chronic, serious illness, not an automatic death sentence
People thought gay men were the only victims → initially called GIRD
Conservatives thought that the AIDS epidemic in the gay population was earned
Conservative governments did not really fund AIDS research because they didnt care to spend government funding on the gays
Started to actually fund it when haemophiliacs start getting AIDS due to blood transfusions → lots of contaminated blood
Liberationist politics end because men’s health centers appear → not enough people in the communities to do both

Question 55

Discuss the political and religious conservatives of the 80s

Answer 55

Margaret Thatcher (UK), Ronald Reagan (US) and Brian Mulroney (CA) became the leaders of all three countries by preaching a very conservative, family focused form of conservatism
Opposed to sexual diversity
Were market as the type of people that could stop the incoming economic crisis
“Put money into the pockets of the people”
Very difficult economic times in the 1980s, high unemployment and rollbacks of access to welfare and EI meant that many NA were suffering economically. Made this vision of a family centered NA attractive
Cut funding to sexual education
Demonstration to young people that the party life of the 70s is unsustainable
Fundamentalist churches, lead by individuals like Jerry Falwell, and others were openly anti gay, viewed gays as sinners who were now getting divine retribution
Catholic church under Pope John Paul 2, were also very conservative focused
Catholics and fundamentalist Christians were in alignment about conservative family values → married sexuality, and preached an anti-sex message →
No sex before marriage
No sex education in schools
No access to birth control
Homosexuality was a sin
Gay and lesbian people should repent and “choose” to be normal

Question 56

Discuss the rise of AIDS awareness in the 80s

Answer 56

Discrimination caused by the treatment of AIDS cases and the failure of governments to do anything about this disease in the first five years when it was primarily a gay disease created AIDS activist organization within gay communities and cities
Launched activism for human rights coverage
Leads to a lot of open homophobia and makes gay men pariahs
Created renewed awareness of how many people were actually “gay” → those with aids could not hide in the closet, their disease became visible
Legally, there was no formal relationship between homosexuals, meaning they could not have legally been next of kin
Aids organizations run by volunteers
Discrimination in hospitals
Gay and lesbian people had to take interest in estate planning and a renewed focus on human rights and how one defines relationships
Beginning of gay marraige

AIDS and celebrity
Liberationists initially encouraged people to come out
Celebrities were hesitant to come out as gay for fear of their careers
Rock Hudsons death in 1985 → very popular actor in the 50s and 60s
Also a friend of the Reagans

Question 57

What is the respectable same sex couple

Answer 57

couple who appears to meet every norm that heterosexual people do, just with two people of the same sex

used in early attempts to get married, focus on consumerism and purchasing–> still putting money into the wedding industry,

usually no sexual showings, dressed conservatively, no mention about sex or really love in early articles

Question 58

Detail the complete timeline of the quest for gay marriage in north America (11 “rulings:, 2 other points)

Answer 58

Marital rights from 1974 - 2004
Canada was the first jurisdiction to have marriage in the same way as heterosexual marriage
Canadian marriages → easier access to divorce in the 1970s
No fault divorce in the 1990s
Divorces split 50/50
Joint custody has become more common
Rise in common law relationships from 1945-present

American context for the marriage debates → Loving V. U.S 1967 Supreme court
Mildred and Richard loving married in 1958. Returned to their Virginia hometown and were charged “cohabitating as man and wife, against the peace and dignity of the commonwealth”
Moved to Washington, D.C and launched a legal challenge

Hawaii → 1993 Baehr Decision
A moot victory, the legislature changes the law to restrict marriage to one man and one woman and offers civil union legislation in 1997
Baehr stimulates much backlash and the creation of DoMA legislation thru the USA
Defence of marriage act → to make sure that marriage was between one man and one woman

Adoption ruling → Alberta 1999 + others
“They are devoted parents,” said justice Peter Martin. The children have thrived, and both are healthy, happy and well-adjusted”
Same-sex common law couples got approved for both health directives in hospitals and financial aid.
In 1995 same-sex rights are recognized in BC and later Ontario
Alberta recognized same-sex couple adoption in 1999

M v H → 1999 Landmark Ruling
Common law couples have their relationships recognized like common law opposite-sex couples, including for spousal support; the key issues in the case
At this point same sex couples have everything sort of traditional marriage

Northern European Civil Partnerships
1989 Denmark creates civil partnership for same sex couples. Parenting rights not included
Sweden, Greenland, Iceland, The Netherlands, Spain, and France follow by the end of the 1990s
2000 the Netherlands becomes the first country to adopt same sex marriages, adoption rights excluded

June 10, 2003, Ontario allows same sex marriages immediately
The picture of the two Michaels

Surge of Couples Seek Marriage following this decision
When marriage became available in BC in July 2003, couples from 22 countries flooded into BC in the first few months that same-sex marriage was available

Gay Marriage Case Study
Chris and Rich (Vogel and North)
Met in Winnipeg
Got married in 1974! –> Liberating Marriage article –> Chenier details their case
As it Happens interview, Feb 21, 1974
Vogel and North gave a lot of interviews about the subject of same-sex marriage
Interviewer was sympathetic but confused
Stated that their involvement in gay liberation started their interest in marriage

Ladies of Llangollen
Lady Eleanor butler and miss Sarah Ponsonby lived together at Plas Newydd, Wales from 1780 -1829
People thought they were just besties
Were actually gay, one of the first “marriage like” states that existed

Jake Baker and Mike McConnell
One of the better-publicized attempts to marry in the states
Tried to get a marriage license in Minneapolis
also in article

The US → Defense of Marriage act → struck down June 2013
United states V Windsor
Struck down marriage laws and defense of marriage acts
Attractive case to look at due to taxation → if they were a straight couple she would have owed zero dollars following her partners death

June 2015 → full access to Same Sex Marriage in the US
5 -4 ruling for same sex marriage

Question 59

What was the Human Rights protections for gays and lesbians?

Answer 59

Inclusion of a human rights campaign for Canadian gays and lesbians was a key focal point of 1970s activism
Quebec was the first province to secure this legislation in 1977
Ontario 1986, Manitoba 1987
SK in 1993
AB had it read in in 1998

Question 60

Who was Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld?

Answer 60

Director of the Institute for Sexual Science
The Transvestites (1910)
carried out “the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights”.[2] He is regarded as one of the most influential sexologists of the twentieth century.[3]

Question 61

Discuss the emergence of Trans activism in the 60s

Answer 61

Thanks to the groundbreaking work of Dr. Susan Stryker from the U of Arizona, we know that trans activism began in the late fifties with spontaneous resistance at Cooper Do-Nuts in downtown Los Angeles in May 1959, Dewey’s lunch counter sit in, in Philadelphia in 1965, and then, famously, Compton’s Cafeteria in 1966

These are important moments of resistance – to police oppression, to social stigmatization, to commercial oppression (businesses hassling trans women for not wearing clothes of their biological sex).

Question 62

Discuss the issue of trans activism in modern day (4)

Answer 62

Trans people, known by different terms (passing women, inverts, transvestites, cross dressers, etc) have been documented, historically, since the 19th century in North America and Europe

Trans people face many hurdles in schools, the workplace and in their families due to continued oppression and discrimination

Violence, suicide risks and harassment are all very high for trans women and men

Conservative politicians in the mode of the former president and others have made trans issues a “rallying cry” to motivate their base to get out and vote to keep America “great.” This has led to further violence….